has been a considerable increase in the literature examining AKI biomarkers in many situations. Understandably this has led to confusion and perhaps unrealistic expectations as to what can be achieved. What is becoming clear is that the presence of a positive biomarker cannot be regarded as an innocent bystander in that increased risk is associated with this phenomenon, although this will not be applicable to all candidates. The adoption of appropriate AKI biomarkers may well herald an improvement in the outcomes of patients with, or indeed at risk of, AKI, which hopefully will translate into both short- and long-term benefits.
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