target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_b17269bc-0b89-5a1f-af67-2efb0d033c23">41]. Certain human papilloma viruses are also regarded as an aetiological risk factor [40]. The risk of oral cancer is 15 times higher among those who are both tobacco and alcohol users compared with those exposed to only one of these risk factors. Other potential risk factors include poor diet and nutrition, certain occupations, poorly fitting dentures, and poor oral hygiene.
Early diagnosis is important and may, just like other forms of cancer treatment, include surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy, often used in combination. The oral cavity is a sensitive area and the consequences of the disease itself, as well as the treatment, may affect quality of life. Conditions such as a reduced salivary secretion rate, facial disfigurement, speech impairment, and chewing/swallowing difficulties are commonly found. It is recommended that each individual should play an active role in detecting oral cancer at an early stage, conducting both a self-exam at home and undergoing examinations at a dental office on a regular basis. Smoking cessation should be encouraged and moderate alcohol consumption recommended.
Dry Mouth Conditions
Hyposalivation is a significant burden for many individuals and may affect various aspects related to the quality of life [42]. It plays a central role in taste, speech, cleaning, digestive function, protection of teeth, and control of oral microflora [43]. It is of particular protective importance in relation to dental caries. Saliva is produced by major and minor glands and is composed of >99% water and electrolytes. Salivary gland hypofunction can be seen as a consequence of several systemic conditions. This includes the medical area incorporating diseases such as Sjögren’s syndrome, eating disorders, and diabetes. A reduced salivary secretion rate may also be seen as a side-effect of radiation therapy in the head and neck area, as well as being due to a wide range of medications. Severe general malnutrition and particular nutrients may also affect salivary gland production. For those suffering from xerostomia and those with a suspected low secretion rate which may influence disease pattern, it is important to assess the salivary secretion level.
Acknowledgements
Figure 1c courtesy of Dr. B. Hasséus, Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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