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Prof. F. Vida Zohoori
School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University
Centuria Building
Middlesbrough TS1 3BA (UK)
E-Mail [email protected]
Background
Zohoori FV, Duckworth RM (eds): The Impact of Nutrition and Diet on Oral Health.
Monogr Oral Sci. Basel, Karger, 2020, vol 28, pp 14–21 (DOI: 10.1159/000455367)
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Peter Lingström · Charlotte Simark Mattsson
Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
An improvement in oral health, not least dental caries and periodontal disease, has been seen during the last 50 years. Oral health is essential for both general health and quality of life. The mouth is a window into the health of the body and signs of nutritional deficiencies can be seen in the mouth at an early stage. Dental caries still constitutes the most common oral condition worldwide. It is the net result of an ecological imbalance in the oral biofilm where metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates may result in demineralisation. Early diagnosis of disease symptoms and preventive strategies are important for disease management. Dental erosion, where loss of tooth substance is a result of exposure to acidic substances, has become a common condition. Intrinsic factors, including diet/drinks and intake habits, are common etiological causes. Periodontal diseases constitute chronic, biofilm-initiated inflammatory conditions with multifactorial origin including inherited and acquired risk factors. Preventive strategies focus on mechanisms, which may influence the amount and composition of the subgingival biofilm. Oral cancer is one of the most commonly found forms of malignancies worldwide. It is a highly complex condition where lifestyle factors, particularly smoking cessation and moderate alcohol consumption, play a major role as deterrents. Hyposalivation is of multifactorial aetiology and may influence oral health as well as various aspects of quality of life. To control oral health, it is important to increase our knowledge of oral disease aetiology and focus on oral health promotion and preventive strategies including the control of diet and nutritional risk factors.
© 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel
Introduction
Oral health is essential for both general health and quality of life. It is a state in which the individual is free from oral diseases and disorders, which could limit his or her capacity to bite, chew, smile, speak, taste, swallow, and experience self-esteem and psychosocial well-being [1, 2]. This includes being free from pain, discomfort, and diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, and oral infections. Although an improvement in oral health, not least dental caries and periodontal disease, has been seen during the last 50 years, they are the main reasons for tooth loss and constitute a burden to the individual, dental profession, and society. The prevalence of oral diseases varies by geographical region and the availability and accessibility of oral health services, as well as in relation to social determinants. Large-scale inequality can still be seen, and oral health is unequally distributed within and between countries. The prevalence of disease is significantly higher among poor and disadvantaged population groups.
Fig. 1. a Erosive tooth wear, b dental caries, c oral cancer, d periodontal disease.
Oral conditions are included among the non-communicable diseases, which also include diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung disease. These are regarded as the leading causes of the disease burden and mortality worldwide. Today, it is also known that there is a strong connection between oral disease and the 4 main non-communicable diseases.
Oral health cannot be looked upon in isolation. The mouth is a window into the health of the body and signs of nutritional deficiencies may be seen in the mouth at an early stage, in the form of mouth lesions or other oral disorders. The global aim is lifelong oral health for everyone! Diet, nutrition, tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, and oral hygiene should be regarded as modifiable risk-behaviour factors. Methods are currently available to prevent a large number of oral diseases. To control oral health, it is important to increase our knowledge of oral disease aetiology, develop standardised measurement tools, and focus on oral health promotion and preventive strategies including the effective control of diet and nutritional risk factors. This chapter aims to discuss in greater detail dental caries, dental erosion/erosive
