in population and number of households among the ten villages in a decade were largest at Manjhaul and least at Jaimangalgarh (Table 2.6). The literacy rate (%) among the villages is shown in Figure 2.11. The maximum (51.75%) and minimum (39.15%) literacy rates were in Narayanpiper and Jaimangalpur, respectively.
2.3.7.2 Resource User Groups and their Socio‐Economic Status and Dependency
All the responses of the questionnaire survey were summed up and RUGs were decided on a ranking basis (Fisher 2004). The Kanwar wetland resource users were categorized into three groups, namely Landowner, Laborer, and Business. The maximum (53%) respondents belonged to the labor group, followed by the landowner (27%) and small‐scale business (20%) groups. The landowners had their registered land of a good amount (>20 katha, i.e. 0.3 ha), whereas the other two groups did not have registered land. These groups used to get land on lease from landowners. The labor group population was deprived in education, pakka housing, and land (Table 2.7). Their annual income was in the range of INR 12 500–25 000 household/year, which was less than the landowners (INR 25 000–125 000 household/year) and business (INR 15 000–50 000 household/year). The source of income of all RUGs was mainly based on agricultural yields. Most of the RUG population was unemployed and directly dependent for their livelihood on different materials from the wetland (Table 2.8).
Table 2.6 Changes in village‐wise population and number of households.
| S. no. | Village | Population | Number of households | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 2011 | Change | % change | Rate (per year) | 2001 | 2011 | Change | % change | Rate (per year) | ||
| 1 | Manjhaul | 31 261 | 35 905 | 4644 | 14.86 | 465 | 5336 | 7372 | 2036 | 38.16 | 204 |
| 2 | Jaimangalpur | 1774 | 2309 | 535 | 30.16 | 53.5 | 373 | 507 | 134 | 35.92 | 14 |
| 3 | Jaimangalgarh | 538 | 731 | 193 | 35.87 | 20 | 130 | 175 | 45 | 34.62 | 5 |
| 4 | Ekamba | 4803 | 6923 | 2120 | 44.14 | 212 | 793 | 1471 | 678 | 85.50 | 68 |
| 5 | Parora | 4251 | 6353 | 2102 | 49.45 | 211 | 792 | 1275 | 483 | 60.98 | 49 |
| 6 | Narayanpiper | 5396 | 7451 | 2055 | 38.08 | 206 | 1015 | 1541 | 526 | 51.82 | 53 |
| 7 | Sakra | 3354 | 4416 | 1062 | 31.66 | 107 | 591 | 973 | 382 | 64.64 | 39 |
| 8 | Rajaur | 4420 | 6075 | 1655 | 37.44 | 166 | 832 | 1391 | 559 | 67.19 | 56 |
| 9 | Kanausi | 2179 | 3831 | 1652 | 75.81 | 166 | 454 | 857 | 403 | 88.77 | 41 |
| 10 | Manikpur | 2849 | 3150 | 301 | 10.57 | 31 | 507 | 611 | 104 | 20.51 | 11 |
| Total | 60 825 | 77 144 | 16 319 | 26.86 | 1632 | 10 823 |
16 173
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