of the chorioallantoic membrane.Figure 38.2 Two‐ to six‐month‐aged fetuses.Figure 38.3 Palpation of fetal head.34 Chapter 40Figure 40.1 (a) A 26‐day pregnancy and embryo (E). (b) A 28‐day pregnancy an...Figure 40.2 (a) Normal 35‐day pregnancy: amniotic vesicle (A), head (H), bod...Figure 40.3 (a) Dead 65‐day fetus: head (H), body (B). (b) A 60‐day male fet...Figure 40.4 Fetal mummy.Figure 40.5 Three corpora lutea (cl) on one ovary.Figure 40.6 Twin line (TL).Figure 40.7 A 73‐day male fetus: head (H), forelimbs (FL), hindlimbs (HL), g...Figure 40.8 A 65‐day female fetus: tail (T), genital tubercle (GT), hooves (...Figure 40.9 A 98‐day male fetus demonstrating penis covered by prepuce: rume...Figure 40.10 A 98‐day male fetus demonstrating teats: teats (T), pelvic bone...Figure 40.11 A 60‐day female fetus with specular reflection artifact: head (...Figure 40.12 Estrous uterus in cross‐section: lumen (L), endometrium (E), sp...Figure 40.13 Split screen image of diestrous uterus in longitudinal section ...Figure 40.14 (a) Solid CL seven days after estrus. (b) Cavitary CL seven day...Figure 40.15 Mature cavitary CL with specular reflections.Figure 40.16 Multiple follicular cysts.Figure 40.17 Luteinizing follicular cyst.Figure 40.18 Benign follicular cysts with CL.Figure 40.19 Granulosa cell tumor.Figure 40.20 Pyometra.Figure 40.21 Subclinical metritis: endometrium (E), purulent material (P) in...Figure 40.22 (a) Uterine lymphoma. (b) Pelvic lymph node.Figure 40.23 Uterine abscess: capsule (C), purulent material (P).Figure 40.24 Vaginitis due to urine pooling: vaginal walls (V), urine poolin...Figure 40.25 Reverberation artifact due to pneumovagina.Figure 40.26 (a) Multiple corpora lutea on embryo flush day. (b) Cavitary co...Figure 40.27 Abembryonic vesicle.Figure 40.28 Schistosomus reflexus: fetal stomach (FS), fetal body (B).Figure 40.29 Fetal ascites: abdominal organs (O), ascites (S), abdominal wal...Figure 40.30 Fetal anasarca: skin (SK), fluid (F), head (H), spinal column (...Figure 40.31 Umbilical hernia: herniated umbilicus (UM), ribs (R).Figure 40.32 Amorphous globosus: normal fetus (F), amorphous globosus (AG), ...Figure 40.33 Conjoined fetus with two heads: heads (H), chest (C).Figure 40.34 Reflection/refraction artifacts (R), beam width artifacts (BW),...Figure 40.35 Mirror image artifact: fetus (F), pelvic bone (PB), mirror imag...Figure 40.36 Prison bar artifacts.Figure 40.37 Crystal defects.
35 Chapter 42Figure 42.1 Effect of decreasing calving interval on a dairy cow's lifetime ...Figure 42.2 Example of a Kaplan–Meier survival curve showing effect of a hea...
36 Chapter 43Figure 43.1 When diagnostic measurements of affected and unaffected populati...Figure 43.2 If the test has imperfect test diagnostic specificity (i.e. <100...Figure 43.3 After an initial diagnostic test, one test result direction (tes...
37 Chapter 44Figure 44.1 Pregnancy distribution showing percentage pregnant by 21‐day per...Figure 44.2 Pregnancy distribution depicting a prolonged breeding season, po...Figure 44.3 Pregnancy distribution in a spring‐calving herd following multip...
38 Chapter 45Figure 45.1 Reproductive efficiency metrics.Figure 45.2 Twelve‐month pregnancy rate table of heat detection rate (red) a...Figure 45.3 Twelve‐month pregnancy rate summary table of heat detection rate...Figure 45.4 Conception risk by breeding number (DairyComp, BREDSUM\B, Exampl...Figure 45.5 Diagram of key dairy reproduction program components.Figure 45.6 Scatterplot of first service insemination pattern (x‐axis shows ...Figure 45.7 Conception by breeding trigger limited to first service. Highlig...Figure 45.8 Histogram of days in milk at first TAI breeding (DairyComp, Exam...Figure 45.9 Days since last breeding (DSLB) histogram. Area in red shows the...Figure 45.10 Conception rate by breeding code table. Displayed as 95% confid...Figure 45.11 Conception risk table by breeding interval (DairyComp, BREDSUM\...Figure 45.12 Conception risk by technician (PCDart, Conception Tracker, Exam...Figure 45.13 Weekly conception risk table. Red bars indicate a potential pro...Figure 45.14 Calculating disease incidence.Figure 45.15 Monthly incidence of fresh cow disorders – limited to metritis ...Figure 45.16 Maternity pen analysis: limited to first lactation cows (PCDart...Figure 45.17 Abortion incidence calculation.Figure 45.18 Crude abortion rate calculation.Figure 45.19 Distribution of age at first calving shown in years–months (Dai...Figure 45.20 Distribution in age at first breeding shown in days of age (Dai...Figure 45.21 Age at first breeding scatterplot. This farm followed a 400‐day...Figure 45.22 Distribution of herd mean CR for heifers bred with conventional...Figure 45.23 Conception risk comparison – heifer breedings to non‐sexed and ...Figure 45.24 Microsoft Excel partial budget template.Figure 45.25 Value of reproductive improvement tool.
39 Chapter 47Figure 47.1 Grade 1 eversion: vaginal eversion occurs intermittently, partic...Figure 47.2 Grade 2 eversion: floor of the vagina everts and stays everted....Figure 47.3 Grade 3 eversion: floor and cervix evert and they stay everted....Figure 47.4 Grade 4 eversion: either a grade 2 or grade 3 that has become ne...Figure 47.5 Caslick's suture being applied to a non‐pregnant cow with grade ...Figure 47.6 Caslick's suture procedure.Figure 47.7 Buhner stich procedure. Note locations of dorsal and ventral ret...Figure 47.8 Bootlace technique.Figure 47.9 (a and b) Example of horizontal mattress technique. Note locatio...Figure 47.10 Example of deep vertical mattress technique applied where butto...Figure 47.11 Example of modified Minchev technique (a) with schematic illust...Figure 47.12 Gerlach needle (left) and Buhner needle (right).Figure 47.13 “Syringe case tops” prepared for use.Figure 47.14 External view of bilateral completed modified Minchev technique...Figure 47.15 Example of trocar and plastic buttons used for modified Minchev...Figure 47.16 Schematic representation of Winkler technique for cervicopexy....Figure 47.17 (a and b) Special needle used for Winkler technique for cervico...Figure 47.18 Everted uterus with evidence of contamination.Figure 47.19 Uterus is further traumatized by knocking between the hocks....Figure 47.20 “Okie position:” note extension and elevation of hind legs.Figure 47.21 Cow is placed in a chute (a squeeze chute is preferred) for sta...Figure 47.22 Elevation of uterus by a sheet helps in reduction.Figure 47.23 A probang is used to fully invert uterine horns. Note that the ...Figure 47.24 A child's wiffle bat can be used in place of the probang.Figure 47.25 A closed approach of uterine amputation. Note location of ligat...
40 Chapter 48Figure 48.1 Progesterone is synthesized to estradiol following the upregulat...
41 Chapter 49Figure 49.1 Management strategies to prevent dystocia. Mg, Magnesium; I, iod...Figure 49.2 Risk factors affecting calving difficulties. ↑, Increase; ↓, dec...
42 Chapter 50Figure 50.1 Embryo and associated embryonic membranes recovered from the vag...Figure 50.2 (a) Uterine horn containing a fetal mummy exteriorized through t...Figure 50.3 Skeletal remnants from macerated twin fetuses extracted per vagi...Figure 50.4 Duplication of the fetal head and neck. Fetuses with duplication...Figure 50.5 Schistosomus reflexus fetal monster. Arthrogrypotic limbs and ab...Figure 50.6 Vaginal prolapse with eversion of vaginal wall and external cerv...Figure 50.7 Reduction of prolapsed vaginal tissue following cleansing and de...Figure 50.8 Relative positions of the broad ligaments of the uterus. Top ima...Figure 50.9 Positioning of obstetrical chains and a detorsion rod for treatm...Figure 50.10 Schematic representation of the “plank in the flank” technique ...Figure 50.11 Holstein cow with hydrops allantois. Note the bilateral abdomin...Figure 50.12 Cow pictured in Figure 50.11 following a standing cesarean sect...Figure 50.13 Complete uterine prolapse following unassisted delivery. Hemorr...
43 Chapter 51Figure 51.1 Basic obstetric equipment: (A) 152‐cm obstetric chain; (B) 76‐cm...Figure 51.2 Additional obstetric equipment: (A) fetal head snare; (B) de‐tor...Figure 51.3 Fetotomy equipment: (A) Utrecht fetatome; (B) threader or insert...Figure 51.4 The author's recommended placement of a fetatome head for remova...Figure 51.5 An alternate “cut” that incorporates the head and one shoulder, ...Figure 51.6 Wire placement for mid‐abdomen cut.Figure 51.7 Wire placement for bisection of fetal pelvis.Figure 51.8 Circumferential incision.Figure 51.9 Incision started at the scapula of the fetus and extended toward...Figure 51.10 Alternative incision originating from the edge of the circumfer...Figure 51.11 Skin dissection with use of an obstetrical chisel.
44 Chapter 52Figure 52.1 (a) Lifting a newborn calf by its rear limbs will duplicate aspe...Figure 52.2 “Tickling” the nasal openings of the newborn with an enteral fee...Figure 52.3 Surgical pack.Figure 52.4 The rumen is identified and pushed cranially to allow access to ...Figure 52.5 In the
