Bovine Reproduction. Группа авторов

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factors, and other unknown factors during the period of rapid testicular growth might be dependent on previous LH exposure during the prepubertal period. The LH secretion pattern during the early gonadotropin rise seems to “prime” testicular development and dictates maximum testicular size in bulls [2–4, 33].

      1 1 Kitahara, G., Kamata, R., Sasaki, Y. et al. (2016). Changes in peripheral anti‐Müllerian hormone concentration and their relationship with testicular structure in beef bull calves. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 57: 127–132.

      2 2 Brito, L., Barth, A., Rawlings, N. et al. (2007). Effect of nutrition during calfhood and peripubertal period on serum metabolic hormones, gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations, and on sexual development in bulls. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 33: 1–18.

      3 3 Brito, L., Barth, A., Rawlings, N. et al. (2007). Effect of improved nutrition during calfhood on serum metabolic hormones, gonadotropins, and testosterone concentrations, and on testicular development in bulls. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 33: 460–469.

      4 4 Brito, L., Barth, A., Rawlings, N. et al. (2007). Effect of feed restriction during calfhood on serum concentrations of metabolic hormones, gonadotropins, testosterone, and on sexual development in bulls. Reproduction 134: 171–181.

      5 5 Brito, L., Barth, A., Rawlings, N. et al. (2007). Circulating metabolic hormones during the peripubertal period and their association with testicular development in bulls. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 42: 502–508.

      6 6 Sakase, M., Kitagawa, K., Kibushi, M. et al. (2018). Relationships of plasma insulin‐like peptide 3, testosterone, inhibin, and insulin‐like growth factor‐I concentrations with scrotal circumference and testicular weight in Japanese Black beef bull calves. J. Reprod. Dev. 64: 401–407.

      7 7 Amann, R., Wise, M., Glass, J., and Nett, T. (1986). Prepubertal changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis of Holstein bulls. Biol. Reprod. 34: 71–80.

      8 8 Wise, M., Rodriguez, R., and Kelly, C. (1987). Gonadal regulation of LH secretion in prepubertal bull calves. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 4: 175–181.

      9 9 Rodriguez, R. and Wise, M. (1989). Ontogeny of pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone in the bull calf during infantile and pubertal development. Endocrinology 124: 248–256.

      10 10 Evans, A., Currie, W., and Rawlings, N. (1993). Opioidergic regulation of gonadotrophin secretion in the early prepubertal bull calf. J. Reprod. Fertil. 99: 45–51.

      11 11 Rodriguez, R., Benson, B., Dunn, A., and Wise, M. (1993). Age‐related changes in biogenic amines, opiate, and steroid receptors in the prepubertal bull calf. Biol. Reprod. 48: 371–376.

      12 12 Rodriguez, R. and Wise, M. (1991). Advancement of postnatal pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the bull calf by pulsatile administration of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone during infantile development. Biol. Reprod. 44: 432–439.

      13 13 Wrobel, K., Dostal, S., and Schimmel, M. (1988). Postnatal development of the tubular lamina propria and the intertubular tissue in the bovine testis. Cell Tissue Res. 252: 639–653.

      14 14 Wrobel, K. (1990). The postnatal development of the bovine Leydig cell population. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 25: 51–60.

      15 15 Abdel‐Raouf, M. (1960). The postnatal development of the reproductive organs in bulls with special reference to puberty (including growth of the hypophysis and the adrenals). Acta Endocrinol. 49 (Suppl): 1–109.

      16 16 Sinowatz, F. and Amselgruber, W. (1986). Postnatal development of bovine Sertoli cells. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 174: 413–423.

      17 17 Wrobel, K. (2000). Prespermatogenesis and spermatogoniogenesis in the bovine testis. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 202: 209–222.

      18 18 Amann, R. and Walker, O. (1983). Changes in the pituitary–gonadal axis associated with puberty in Holstein bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 57: 433–442.

      19 19 Evans, A., Davies, F., Nasser, L. et al. (1995). Differences in early patterns of gonadotrophin secretion between early and late maturing bulls, and changes in semen characteristics at puberty. Theriogenology 43: 569–578.

      20 20 Evans, A., Pierson, R., Garcia, A. et al. (1996). Changes in circulating hormone concentrations, testes histology and testes ultrasonography during sexual maturation in beef bulls. Theriogenology 46: 345–357.

      21 21 Aravindakshan, J., Honaramooz, A., Bartlewski, P. et al. (2000). Pattern of gonadotropin secretion and ultrasonographic evaluation of developmental changes in the testis of early and late maturing bull calves. Theriogenology 54: 339–354.

      22 22 Schanbacher, B. (1979). Relationship of in vitro; gonadotropin binding to bovine testes and the onset of spermatogenesis. J. Anim. Sci. 48: 591–597.

      23 23 Anand‐Ivell, R., Byrne, C., Arnecke, J. et al. (2019). Prepubertal nutrition alters Leydig cell functional capacity and timing of puberty. PLoS One 14: e0225465.

      24 24 Saez, J. (1994). Leydig cells: endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation. Endocr. Rev. 15: 574–626.

      25 25 Rawlings, N., Hafs, H., and Swanson, L. (1972). Testicular and blood plasma androgens in Holstein bulls from birth through puberty. J. Anim. Sci. 34: 435–440.

      26 26 Rawlings, N., Fletcher, P., Henricks, D., and Hill, J. (1978). Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels during sexual maturation in beef bull calves. Biol. Reprod. 19: 1108–1112.

      27 27 McCarthy, M., Hafs, H., and Convey, E. (1979). Serum hormone patterns associated with growth and sexual development in bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 1012–1020.

      28 28 Lacroix, A. and Pelletier, J. (1979). Short‐term variations in plasma LH and testosterone in bull calves from birth to 1 year of age. J. Reprod. Fertil. 55: 81–85.

      29 29 Chandolia, R., Evans, A., and Rawlings, N. (1997). Effect of inhibition of increased gonadotrophin secretion before 20 weeks of age in bull calves on testicular development. J. Reprod. Fertil. 109: 65–71.

      30 30 Chandolia, R., Honaramooz, A., Bartlewski, P. et al. (1997). Effects of treatment with LH releasing hormone before the early increase in LH secretion on endocrine and reproductive development in bull calves. J. Reprod. Fertil. 111: 41–50.

      31 31 Madgwick, S., Bagu, E., Duggavathi, R. et al. (2008). Effects of treatment with GnRH from 4 to 8 weeks of age on the attainment of sexual maturity in bull calves. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 104: 177–188.

      32 32 Harstine, B., Maquivar, M., Helser, L. et al. (2015). Effects of dietary energy on sexual maturation and sperm production in Holstein bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 2759–2766.

      33 33 Dance, A., Thundathil, J., Wilde, R. et al. (2015). Enhanced early‐life nutrition promotes hormone production and reproductive development in Holstein bulls. J. Dairy Sci. 98: 987–998.

      34 34 Byrne, C., Fair, S., English, A. et al. (2018). Plane of nutrition before and after 6 months of age in Holstein‐Friesian bulls: I. Effects on performance, body composition, age at puberty, and postpubertal semen production. J. Dairy Sci. 101: 3447–3459.

      35 35 Byrne, C., Fair, S., English, A. et al. (2018). Plane of nutrition before and after 6 months of age in Holstein‐Friesian bulls: II. Effects on metabolic and reproductive endocrinology and identification of physiological markers of puberty and sexual maturation. J. Dairy Sci. 101: 3460–3475.

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