available for plants in loamy than in sandy soil. Besides this, OM facilitates the simulation of microbial activity that changes the oxidation state of Se (VI to ‐II). This may also result in methylation, which facilitates strong binding of Se to OM. The reduced form of Se is sorbed on OM and less mobile. Fungal growth in the presence of OMs affects the mobilization of Se and its availability hindered dramatically from soil to plant. Se concentration in soil also varies along the depth profile of soil. Presence of free calcium carbonate and increased pH (alkaline) reveals toxic seleniferous soils. To evaluate Se contamination understanding related to particulate Se is important, because every species has different bioavailability. The bioavailability of Se in soil follows the following order: selenate (Se6\+) > selenomethionine > selenocysteine > selenite (Se4+) > elemental selenium (Se0) > selenide (Se2−). Remedial treatments are highly desired to overcome the problems related to Se pollution by industrial waste. To this end it has been proposed by the researchers that treatment of industrial discharge is necessary before disposal. On the other hand it can be minimized by reducing the concentration of Se level in the soil by encouraging use of gypsum, OM such as mud, and poultry manure. Besides this, there is also more‐advanced in‐situ bioremediation by different bacterial cultures to reduce or tolerate Se concentrations in soil.
References
1 Abrams, M.M., Burau, R.G., and Zasoski, R.J. (1990). Organic selenium distribution in selected California soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54: 979–982.
2 Allaway, W.H., Cary, E.E., and Ehlig, C.F. (1967). The cycling of low levels of selenium in soils, plants and animals. In: Selenium in Biomedicine: A Symposium (ed. O.H. Muth). Westport, CT: AVI.
3 Amweg, E.L., Stuart, D.L., and Weston, D.P. (2003). Comparative bioavailability of selenium to aquatic organisms after biological treatment of agricultural drainage water. Aquat. Toxicol. 63: 13–25.
4 Audi, G., Bersillon, O., Blachot, J., and Wapstra, A.H. (2003). The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nucl. Phys. A 729: 3–128.
5 Bailey, R.T., Hunter, W.J., and Gates, T.K. (2012). The influence of nitrate on selenium in irrigated agricultural groundwater systems. J. Environ. Qual. 41: 783–792.
6 Bajaj, M., Eiche, E., Neumann, T. et al. (2011). Hazardous concentrations of selenium in soil and groundwater in north‐west India. J. Hazard. Mater. 189: 640–646.
7 Balistrieri, L.S. and Chao, T.T. (1990). Adsorption of selenium by amorphous iron oxhydroxide and manganese dioxide. Geochim. Acta. 54: 739–751.
8 Bar‐Yosef, B. and Meek, D. (1987). Selenium desorption from Ca‐kaolinite. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18 (7): 771–779.
9 Berrow, M.L. and Ure, A.M. (1989). Geologic material and soil. In: Occurrence and Distribution of Selenium (ed. M. Inat), 213–242. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
10 Berzelius, J.J. (1818). Recherches sur un nouveau corps mineral trouve dans le souffre fabrique a Fahlun. Annales de Chimie et de Physique 9: 160–180. (225–267, 337–365).
11 Bruggeman, C., Maes, A., Vancluysen, J., and Vandenmussele, P. (2005). Selenite reduction in boom clay: effect of FeS2, clay minerals and dissolved organic matter. Environ. Pollut. 137: 209–221.
12 Bruggeman, C., Maes, A., and Vancluysen, J. (2007). The interaction of dissolved boom clay and gorleben humic substances with selenium oxyanions (selenite and selenate). Appl. Geochem. 22: 1371–1379.
13 Butterman, W.C., Jr. and Brown, R.D. (2004). Mineral Commodity Profiles: Selenium, U.S. Geological Survey Open‐File Report 03‐018, Reston, VA: US Government, pp. 1–19.
14 Calderone, S.J., Frankenberger, W.T., Parker, D.R., and Karlson, U. (1990). Influence of temperature and organic amendments on the mobilization of selenium in sediments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22: 615–620.
15 Carter, D.L., Robbinson, C.W., and Brown, M.J. (1972). Effect of phosphorus fertilization on the selenium concentration in alfalfa. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36: 624–628.
16 Chabroullet, C. (2007). Etude de la remobilisation d'elements traces a partir d'un sol de surface contamine: influence du vieillissement des composes organiques du sol sur la remobilization du selenium. Thesis. University of Grenoble, 234.
17 Chizhikov, D.M. and Shchastlivyi, V.P. (1968). Selenium and Selenides. London: Collet's.
18 Christensen, B.T., Bertelsen, F., and Gissel‐Nielsen, G. (1989). Selenite fixation by soil particle‐size separates. J. Soil Sci. 40: 641–647.
19 Cooke, T.D. and Bruland, K.W. (1987). Aquatic chemistry of selenium: evidence of biomethylation. Environ. Sci. Tech. 21: 1214–1219.
20 Cooper, W.C., Bennett, K.G., and Croxton, F. (1970). The history, occurrence, and properties of selenium. In: Selenium (eds. R.A. Zingaro and W.C. Cooper), 3–27. New York;: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
21 Coppinger, R.J. and Diamond, A.M. (2001). Selenium deficiency and human disease. In: Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health (ed. D.L. Hatfield), 219–331. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Press.
22 Crystal, R.G. (1972). Elemental selenium: structure and properties. In: Organic Selenium Compounds: Their Chemistry and Biology (eds. D.L. Klayman and W.H.H. Gunther), 1188. New York: Wiley.
23 Cutter, G.A. (1982). Selenium in reducing waters. Science 217: 829–831.
24 Cutter, G.A. and Bruland, K.W. (1984). The marine biogeochemistry of selenium – a re‐evaluation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 1179–1192.
25 Cutter, G.A. and San Diego‐McGlone, M.L.C. (1990). Temporal variability of selenium fluxes in San Francisco Bay. Sci. Total Environ. 97/98: 235–250.
26 Dhillon, K.S. and Dhillon, S.K. (2003). Distribution and management of seleniferous soils. In: Advances in Agronomy, 1ee (ed. D. Sparks), 119–184. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
27 Dhillon, S.K., Dhillon, K.S., Kohli, A., and Khera, K.L. (2008). Evaluation of leaching and runoff losses of selenium from seleniferous soils through simulated rainfall. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci‐Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenernahrung Und Bodenkunde 171: 187–192.
28 Dungan, R.S., Yates, S.R., and Frankenberger, W.T. (2002). Volatilization and degradation of soil‐applied dimethylselenide. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 2045–2050.
29 Dynes, J.J. and Huang, P.M. (1997). Influence of organic acids on selenite sorption by poorly ordered aluminum hydroxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61: 772–783.
30 Eich‐Greatorex, S., Krogstad, T., and Sogn, T.A. (2010). Effect of phosphorus status of the soil on selenium availability. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 173: 337–344.
31 Eswayah, A.S., Smith, T.J., and Gardiner, P. (2016). Microbial transformations of selenium species of relevance to bioremediation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82 (16): AEM.00877‐16.
32 Fan, T.W.‐M. and Higashi, R.M. (1998). Biochemical fate of selenium in microphytes: natural bioremediation by volatilization and sedimentation in aquatic environments. In: Environmental Chemistry of Selenium (eds. W.T. Frankenberger Jr. and R.A. Engberg), 545–564. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
33 Fernández‐Martínez, A. and Charlet, L. (2009). Selenium environmental cycling and bioavailability: a structural chemist point of view. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 8: 81–110.
34 Ferri, T. and Sangiorgio, P. (2001). Selenium speciation in waters: role of dissolved
