Finite Element Analysis. Barna Szabó

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U Subscript i Baseline upper U Subscript j Baseline d x equals 0"/>

      and hence .

      Importantly, it can be shown that any function can be written as a linear combination of the eigenfunctions:

      (1.142)

where

(1.143)

The Rayleigh¹⁵ quotient is defined by

      (1.144)

      Eigenvalues are usually numbered in ascending order. Following that convention,

      (1.145)

      that is, the smallest eigenvalue is the minimum of the Rayleigh quotient and the corresponding eigenfunction is the minimizer of on . This follows directly from eq. (1.140). The kth eigenvalue minimizes on the space

      (1.146)

      where

      (1.147)

      When the eigenvalues are computed numerically then the minimum of the Rayleigh quotient is sought on the finite‐dimensional space . We see from the definition that the error of approximation in the natural frequencies will depend on how well the eigenfunctions are approximated in energy norm, in the space .

      The following example illustrates that in a sequence of numerically computed eigenvalues only the lower eigenvalues will be approximated well. It is possible, however, at least in principle, to obtain good approximation for any eigenvalue by suitably enlarging the space .

Example 1.15 Let us consider the eigenvalue problem

(1.148)

      This equation models (among other things) the free vibration (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of a string of length stretched horizontally by the force (N) under the assumptions that the displacements are infinitesimal and confined to one plane, the plane of vibration, and the ends of the string are fixed. The mass per unit length is (kg/m). We assume that κ and are constants. It is left to the reader to verify that the function u defined by

      (1.149)

      where ai, bi are coefficients determined from the initial conditions and

      (1.150)

satisfies eq. (1.148).

If we approximate the eigenfunctions using uniform mesh, and plot the ratio

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