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*Corresponding author: [email protected]
2
Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Ata Ullah, Lutufur Rahman, Muhammad Bilal Yazdani, Muhammad Irfan, Waheed S. Khan and Asma Rehman*
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abstract
Polysaccharides are considered the most abundant biomolecules in nature and are probably found in all organisms on the earth. It has diverse applications in living organisms ranging from their structure to biological signaling. Commercially, the polysaccharides have gold-standard value in pharmaceutical, paper, cosmetic and food industries. There are different sources of polysaccharides, but the cell walls of plants, algae, fungi and somehow bacteria are considered the best reservoirs of polysaccharides. The cell wall polysaccharide includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and other lipoglycans and proteoglycans. The current chapter will be focused on the cell wall polysaccharides of plants, green algae, fungi, and bacteria.
Keywords: Polysaccharides, biomolecules, cell wall, plants, microbes, structure, protection industry
2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall
Cell wall is a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) which surrounds every cell of plant, algae, fungi and bacteria. It gives some distinguishable characteristics to the plant cells comparatively to the animal cells. Specifically, the cell wall mainly serves as the mechanical and structural support to the cells. In addition, the cell wall has multitudinous functions such as, it gives mechanical protection to living cells in adverse environment, provide porous medium for the circulation of water mineral and nutrients, provide stable physical structure to cell and act as site of storage for regulatory molecules that sense the pathogenic microbes [1–3].
The cell walls of various organisms have different compositional structures. Such as, the algal cell wall is similar to that of plant cell wall and both contain specific polysaccharides which are helpful in their taxonomy. Similarly, the fungal cell wall completely lacks polysaccharides and contain chitin. On the other hand, bacterial cell wall is distinguished by the presence of peptidoglycan while archaea is lacking this chemical composition. Difference in the compositional structure of cell wall helps in the taxonomy and classification of these organisms. So, the current chapter is exclusively focusing on the cell wall polysaccharides of plant, algae, fungi, bacteria and archaea [4, 5].
2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides
The cell wall of the plant cell is a highly organized network that can vary in the cellular lifespan. Primary cell wall of the plant cell is newly synthesized through cellular division and their size dramatically increases as the cell grows. The outermost layer of the plant cell wall is known as middle lamella, which is considered as interface between the primary cell wall with other cells. In many cells, the secondary
