Oksana Denisova, “Holova INP Anton Drobovych: ‘Babyn Iar buv do Khrzhanovs’koho, Babyn Iar bude i pislia n’oho,” Suspil’ne, 4 May 2020, https://suspilne.media/31091-golova-inp-anton-drobovic-babin-ar-buv-do-hrzanovskogo-babin-ar-bude-j-pisla-nogo/ (accessed 17 February 2021).
17 In chronological order, until 2016: John A. Armstrong, “Collaborationism in World War II: The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe,” Journal of Modern History 40, no. 3 (1968): 396–410; Gabriel N. Finder and Alexander V. Prusin, “Collaboration in Eastern Galicia: The Ukrainian Police and the Holocaust,” East European Jewish Affairs 34, no. 2 (2004): 95–118; Frank Golczewski, “Die Kollaboration in der Ukraine,” in Kooperation und Verbrechen: Formen der “Kollaboration” im östlichen Europa 1939–1945, eds. Christoph Dieckmann et al. (Wallstein, 2003), 151–83; Vladimir Melamed, “Organized and Unsolicited Collaboration in the Holocaust,” East European Jewish Affairs 37, no. 2 (2007): 217–48; Wendy Lower, “Pogroms, Mob Violence and Genocide in Western Ukraine, Summer 1941: Varied Histories, Explanations and Comparisons,” Journal of Genocide Research 13, no. 3 (2011): 217–46; Kai Struve, “Rites of Violence? The Pogroms of Summer 1941,” Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 24 (2011): 257–74; Per Anders Rudling, “Terror and Local Collaboration in Occupied Belarus: The Case of Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118,” Romanian Academy “Nicolae Iorga” History Institute Historical Yearbook 13 & 14 (2011 & 2012): 195–214 & 99–121; Kai Struve, “Tremors in the Shatter-Zone of Empires: Eastern Galicia in Summer 1941,” in Borderlands: Ethnicity, Identity and Violence in the Shatter-Zone of Empires, eds. Omer Bartov and Eric Weitz (Indiana University Press 2013), 463–84; Frank Grelka, “Politics and Military Actions of Ethnic-Ukrainian Collaboration for the ‘New European Order’,” in Revisionist Politics in Europe, 1938–1945, eds. Marina Cattaruzza and Dieter Langewiesche (Berghahn, 2013), 126–41; Yuri Radchenko, “‘We fired all cartridges at them’: Ukrainische Hilfspolizei and the Holocaust on the Territory of the Generalbezirk Kharkiv, 1941–1943,” Yad Vashem Studies 41, no. 1 (2013): 63–98; Kai Struve, Deutsche Herrschaft, ukrainischer Nationalismus, antijüdische Gewalt: Der Sommer 1941 in der Westukraine (DeGruyter-Oldenbourg, 2015); Olesya Khromeychuk, “Ukrainians in the German Armed Forces During the Second World War,” History: The Journal of the Historical Association 100, no. 343 (2016): 704–24; Kai Struve, “Anti-Jewish Violence in Summer 1941 in Eastern Galicia and Beyond,” in Romania and the Holocaust: New Research – Public Discourse – Remembrance, ed. Simon Geissbühler (ibidem-Verlag, 2016), 89–113; Raz Segal, Genocide in the Carpathians: War, Social Breakdown, and Mass Violence, 1914-1945 (Stanford University Press, 2016); Per Anders Rudling, “Dispersing the Fog: The OUN and Anti-Jewish Violence in 1941,” Yad Vashem Studies 44, no. 2 (2016): 227–45; Jared McBride, “Who Is Afraid of Ukrainian Nationalism?” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 17, no. 3 (2016): 647–63. There is a separate and, by now, large body of scholarly literature devoted specifically to the L’viv pogroms of summer 1941 which is not listed here.
18 In chronological order, since 2017: John-Paul Himka, “Former Ukrainian Policemen in the Ukrainian National Insurgency: Continuing the Holocaust outside German Service,” in Lessons and Legacies XII: New Directions in Holocaust Research and Education, eds. Wendy Lower and Lauren Faulkner Rossi (Northwestern University Press, 2017), 141–63; Jeffrey S. Kopstein and Jason Wittenberg, Intimate Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms on the Eve of the Holocaust (Cornell University Press, 2018); Andriy Usach, “The ‘Eastern Action’ of the OUN(b) and the Anti-Jewish Violence in the Summer of 1941: The Cases of Smotrych and Kupyn,” Euxeinos: Governance and Culture in the Black Sea Region 9, no. 27 (2019): 63–84; Ivan Katchanovski, “The OUN, the UPA, and the Nazi Genocide in Ukraine,” in Mittäterschaft in Osteuropa im Zweiten Weltkrieg und im Holocaust / Collaboration in Eastern Europe during World War II and the Holocaust, eds. Peter Black, Béla Rásky and Marianne Windsperger (New Academic Press, 2019), 67–93; Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, “Survivor Testimonies and the Coming to Terms with the Holocaust in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia: The Case of the Ukrainian Nationalists,” East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 34, no. 1 (2020): 221–40; Struve, “The OUN(b), the Germans, and Anti-Jewish Violence in Eastern Galicia during Summer 1941;” Radchenko, “The Biography of the OUN(m) Activist Oleksa Babii in the Light of His ‘Memoirs on Escaping Execution’ (1942);” and John-Paul Himka, Ukrainian Nationalists and the Holocaust: OUN and UPA’s Participation in the Destruction of Ukrainian Jewry, 1941-1944 (ibidem-Verlag, 2021).
19 Per Anders Rudling, “The Cult of Roman Shukhevych in Ukraine: Myth Making with Complications,” Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies 5, no. 1 (2016): 26–65.
20 Peter W. Rodgers, “Contestation and Negotiation: Regionalism and the Politics of School Textbooks in Ukraine’s Eastern Borderland,” Nations and Nationalism 12, no. 4 (2006): 681–97; idem, “‘Compliance or Contradiction’? Teaching ‘History’ in the ‘New’ Ukraine: A View from Ukraine’s Eastern Borderlands,” Europe-Asia Studies 59, no. 3 (2007): 503–19; and David Marples, Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine (Central European University Press, 2007).
21 On this issue, see: Barbara Törnquist-Plewa and Yuliya Yurchuk, “Memory Politics in Contemporary Ukraine: Reflections from the Post-Colonial Perspective,” Memory Studies 12, no. 6 (2019): 699–720; Yuliya Yurchuk, “Global Symbols Local Meanings: The ‘Day of Victory’ after Euromaidan,” in Transnational Ukraine? Networks and Ties that Influence(d) Contemporary Ukraine, eds. Timm Beichelt and Susann Worschech (ibidem-Verlag, 2017): 66–89.
22 On the role of anniversaries in public space and collective memory, see John Gillis, Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton University Press, 1994).
23 See the latest (as of early 2021) discussion of this issue: Andrei Portnov, “Bandera: Priglasheniie k spokoinomu razgovoru,” Colta.ru, 11 January 2021, https://www.colta.ru/articles/specials/26340-andrey-portnov-bandera-istoriya-i-mif (accessed on 19 January 2021).
24 On the securitization of history in the post-Maidan Ukraine see Yuliya Yurchuk, “Historians as Activists: History-Writing in Times of War. The Case of Ukraine in 2014–2018,” Nationalities Papers (2020): 1–19. On other cases of the securitization of memory and history in Eastern Europe, see Maria Mälksoo, The Politics of Becoming European: A Study of Polish and Baltic Post-Cold War Security Imaginaries (Routledge, 2010); Vlad Strukov and Victor Apryshchenko (eds.), Memory and Securitization in Contemporary Europe (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). A trend towards securitization is also observable in Ukrainian religious affairs: Denys Shestopalets, “Church as an Existential Threat: The Securitization of Religion in Post-Euromaidan Ukraine,” Journal of Church and State 62, no. 4 (2020): 713–39.
NKVD Internal Troops Operations against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in 1944–451
Grzegorz Motyka
Abstract: The Internal Troops of the Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (the NKVD) were a special-purpose unit established to fight guerrilla movements and “internal enemies.” Documents declassified following the
