a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 3.10. Frontal with the start of the horn cores of the subspecies type of Syncerus antiquus complexus Hadjouis (ancient fossil buffalo from Algeria) from above. The start of the left horn core from the pedicle is atrophied by a probable infectious form (© Hadjouis)Figure 3.11. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the great kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), close to the common eland. The withers are higher than the hindquarters and the neck carries the head well above the frontquarters (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.12. Front view of a cranial portion of a fossil tragelaphine (Tragelaphus marocanus), with its bony double-twisted horn cores from the Schneider quarry (Morocco) (courtesy of P. Taquet, © Hadjouis)Figure 3.13. Postural balance of the head of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx). Despite imposing spiral horns on a massive head, the latter is carried on a neck above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.14. Diagram of the segments of the limbs of the Great Tragelaphini (Taurotragus oryx, Taurotragus derbianus, Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and comparison with the Tragelaphini fossils from the Warthog and Ternifine sitesFigure 3.15. Skulls of the two types of hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus). The type on the left has U-shaped horns, the type on the right has horns in the shape of horizontal curls (source: gallica.bnf.fr/BNF)Figure 3.16. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus). The center of gravity is displaced at the frontquarters due to the withers being higher than the hindquarters, the neck and head are positioned above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 3.17. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the gazelle, here a fossil gazelle from Algeria (Gazella dziria). The postural balance of gazelles is among the most harmonious of the family Bovidae, withers and hindquarters are on the same plane, the head is carried high thanks to a vertical neck (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the Barbary stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus). The posture is balanced between a front and hindquarters carried on slender limbs, the center of gravity is positioned in the middle of the body, the neck and head are above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 4.2. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of red deer. The geometrical basion-prosthion triangle shows the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes through M1 (according to Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 4.3. Roe skull (Capreolus capreolus) showing a more closed triangle giving rise to a slightly stronger basic cranial flexion than red deer (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.4. Roe skull (Capreolus capreolus ) showing the strong angulation of the basi-sphenoid whose lower limit is parallel to the temporoparietal vault (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.5. Roe skull (Capreolus capreolus) seen from below, showing the symmetrical parallelism of the paired parts of the jugal teeth and craniofacial structures (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.6. Megaceroides algericus antler, seen from the front, from the Aterian Warthog deposit showing the position of the brown tine of antler and the (fragmentary) start of interdigital webbing (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.7. Right frontal portion of Megaceroides algericus from the Aterian Warthog deposit showing the position of the supraorbital foramen, the eyebrow arch, a high, thick and divergent pedicle and a circular burr (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.8. Right and left hemi-mandibles of Megaceroides algericus from Filfila showing the strong thickening of the mandibular body due to the phenomenon of pachyostosis (© Hadjouis)Figure 4.9. Reconstitution of the antlers of Megaceroides algericus on a body whose size has been reduced after a genetic drift from Europe (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa). In spite of a distinctive silhouette, the body is balanced between front and hindquarters, the neck and the head are positioned lower than the hindquarters (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 5.2. Boar skull (Sus scrofa scrofa) in left lateral view. The geometric basion-prosthion triangle shows the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes between M1 and M2 (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.3. Cranial base of a wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) raised to appreciate the weak flexion making the basi-occipital and basi-sphenoidal floor be in an axis close to the palatal bone (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.4. Dental and craniofacial balance in a boar, seen from below. The incisal, canine, premolar and molar rows are aligned mesio-distally, and the even parts of the zygomatic arches, the articular tubercles of the temporal bone, the jugal processes, etc., are balanced and free of asymmetries (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.5. Present-day warthog skull (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) in left lateral view. The geometric basion-prosthion triangle shows the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes through the single M3 of the half jaw (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 5.6. Present-day warthog skull in left lateral view showing the occlusion in the presence of the only third molars after pushing the anterior jugal teeth (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.7. Present-day warthog skull in facial view showing the excessive development of the upper tusks (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.8. Tusks (canines) of fossil warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) found in the Aterian site of the same name (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.9. Replacement of jugal teeth in warthogs. Premolars and first molars are expelled from back to front, keeping only the M3 in each half jaw (© Hadjouis)Figure 5.10. Skull of a young warthog, 7 months old, in left lateral view showing the eruption of the upper jugal teeth (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.11. Present-day warthog skull from below showing the unique presence of the third molars after pushing the anterior jugal teeth out. Note the clearly visible wear of the upper tusks made by the lower antagonists (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Anatomie comparée du MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.12. Present-day warthog mandible seen from above showing the third molars in their alveoli (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)Figure 5.13. Left leg skeleton of a present-day warthog affected by a form of osteitis (right photo) in comparison with the healthy leg on the right (courtesy of J.-D. Vigne, Comparative Anatomy of the MNHN, © Hadjouis)
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Wildcat skull (Felis sylvestris) in left lateral view (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.2. Wildcat skull (Felis sylvestris) raising the base of the skull to appreciate a basi-occipital and basi-sphenoid floor without flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.3. Posture of the head and withers of the leopard’s quadruped body (Panthera pardus). Like the majority of Felidae, the hindquarters and withers are in a perfectly balanced axis, with the head in extension to the horizontal line of the back. The highly developed canines are located in arches reduced in length in response to the reduction of the jugal teeth (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 6.4. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of Felidae. The geometrical basion-prosthion triangle reflects the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields. The perpendicular line of the triangle passes behind the molars (according to Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 6.5. Posture of the head and quadruped body of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). The postural balance is broken by withers higher than the hindquarters, positioning the center of gravity at the front of the body, with the neck and head above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 6.6. Head and quadruped body posture of the striped hyena (Hyena hyena). In contrast to the spotted hyena, the arched back positions the head below the hindquarters and continues the arch shape (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)Figure 6.7. Spotted hyena skull (Crocuta crocuta) in left lateral view showing the upper P4 and the lower M1 called carnassials and functioning like the cutting blades of a pair of scissors and comparison with the upper carnivores of some carnivores (© Éditions Belin/Dominique Visset).Figure 6.8. Right hemi-jaw seen from above of cave bears (Ursus spelaeus) bearing P4-M2 from the Mialet cave (Gard) (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.9. Dental and craniofacial equilibrium in dogs seen from below. The two rows of incisors, canines, premolars and molars are aligned in the mesio-distal direction, as are the even parts of the arches and zygomatic processes, the articular tubercles of the temporal bone, the tympanic bullae, etc., are balanced and do not show asymmetries (© Hadjouis)Figure 6.10. Wolf skull (Canis lupus, S11.484) seen from above, from the Lazaret cave (Maritime Alps). The symmetry of the craniofacial paired parts of carnivorous quadrupeds is perfectly noted in this Mediterranean
