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10 Filler, L. (1968). The Muckrakers. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
11 Fuchs, C. (2018). Digital Demagogue: Authoritarian Capitalism in the Age of Trump and Twitter. London: Pluto Books.
12 Ghosh, D. and Scott, B. (2018). Digital deceit. New America Report. January. https://www.newamerica.org/public-interest-technology/policy-papers/digitaldeceit
13 Haack, S. (1998). Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate: unfashionable essays. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
14 Hampton, M. (2008). The “objectivity” ideal and its limitations in 20th-century British journalism. Journalism Studies, 9(4), 477–493.
15 Held, D. (2006). Models of Democracy. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
16 Kovach, B. and Rosenstiel, T. (2001). The Elements of Journalism. New York: Three Rivers Press.
17 Levitsky, S. and Ziblatt, D. (2018). How Democracies Die. New York: Crown.
18 MacDougall, C.D. and Reid, R. (1987). Interpretative Reporting. 9th ed. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
19 Mindich, D.T.Z. (1998). Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism. New York: New York University Press.
20 Morton, A. (2013). Emotion and Imagination. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
21 Quine, W.V.O. (1990). Pursuit of Truth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22 Rawls, J. (1993). Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
23 Singer, J.B., Domingo, D., Heinonen, A. et al. (2011). Participatory Journalism: Guarding Open Gates at Online Newspapers. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
24 Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2016). Emotion and journalism. In Anderson, C,W., Domingo, E., and Hermida, A. (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Digital Journalism. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Reference, pp. 128–143.
25 Ward, S.J.A. (2010). Global Journalism Ethics. Montreal, Que: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
26 Ward, S.J.A. (2015). The Invention of Journalism Ethics. 2nd ed. Montreal, Que: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
27 Ward, S.J.A. (2019a). Ethical Journalists in a Populist Age. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
28 Ward, S.J.A. (2019b). Objectively Engaged Journalism: An Ethic. Montreal, Que: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Notes
1 1 See Singer, Participatory Journalism, Briggs, Entrepreneurial Journalism, and Batsell, Engaged Journalism.
2 2 An example of engaged, partisan journalism are the websites established by American conservative groups, such as the Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity and the Sam Adams Foundation, to cover state legislatures from their libertarian, right-wing perspectives. See http://watchdog.org/about/and http://watchdog.org/category/illinois.
3 3 An example of civic engagement journalism is the Honolulu Civic Beat, a website established by Pierre Omidyar at www.civicbeat.org. In one series, “Home but not Homeless,” a Civic Beat reporter lived for months with a camp set up by poor citizens in an exclusive part of the city to focus attention the lack of proper housing.
4 4 Traditionally, in journalism ethics, neutrality has been regarded as part of the stance of objective reporting. Neutrality refers to the psychological attitude of not taking sides when reporting on conflicting groups. Objectivity is neutrality plus a strict reporting of just the facts, stripped of bias or interpretation. I chart the history of this notion of objectivity in Ward, Objectively Engaged Journalism.
5 5 One method is to use social media to “crowdsource” sources of revenue, such as asking individuals to donate to a series of stories. One form of engaged journalism, non-profit news organizations, may depend on funds from major philanthropic organizations who may be liberal or conservative in their political goals. For a successful nonprofit news organization, see the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism at https://www.wisconsinwatch.org.
6 6 For list of awards won by the Civic Beat, see https://www.civilbeat.org/about/our-awards.
7 7 See https://www.raptim.org/20-international-human-rights-organizations.
8 8 For example, conferences on engaged journalism have been held at the Agora Journalism Center in the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon.
9 9 See https://medium.com/the-engaged-journalism-lab.
10 10 For example, the European Journalism Center hosts the Engaged Journalism Accelerator at https://www.engagedjournalism.com/Engaged. Journalism is a topic of discussion among members of the World Association for Newspapers and News Publishers, https://blog.wan-ifra.org/2019/01/25/engaged-journalism-why-newsrooms-should-put-the-needs-of-their-communities-first.
11 11 https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/strategy-studies/what-is-engagement.
12 12 Ward, The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Chapter 4.
13 13 Ward, The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Chapter 7.
14 14 Objectivity was at its zenith among the mainstream media of North America between the 1920s and 1960s, and fell gradually out of favor among journalists. From its beginning, the ideal always had its critics, such as the non-neutral magazine muckrakers, Henry Luce’s interpretive Time magazine, and the activist journalists who covered the American civil rights movement. Mark Hampton has argued that as American journalists were developing the ideal of objectivity in the news, British journalists were resisting the trend. See Hampton, “The ‘Objectivity’ Ideal and its Limitations in 20th-century British Journalism.” On muckrakers, see Filler, The Muckrakers; on Luce’s negative view of objectivity, see Baughman, Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media, 25.
15 15 On the amount and nature of unreliable media, see Ghosh and Scott. “Digital Deceit,” and Fuchs, Digital Demagogue.
16 16 On the relationship between extreme opinion and democracy today, see Levitsky and Ziblatt, How Democracies Die, and Ward, Ethical Journalism in a Populist Age.
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