As well, columnists explained their craft in articles, books, or public speeches, such as honoring the norm of being “independent from faction.” See Kovach and Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism, Chapter 5. But the amount and quality of serious ethical thinking on non-neutral journalism did not compare with the numerous, in-depth textbooks on professional and objective journalism across the twentieth century.18 18 See, for example, Craig, Excellence in Online Journalism.
19 19 By a moral ideology I mean a view about the basic aims and principles of journalism—the point of the practice.
20 20 On the kinds of democracy, see Held, Models of Democracy.
21 21 Dewey, Democracy and Education, 16.
22 22 This preference for egalitarian, participatory democracy would need, to be fully persuasive, an extended argument. I provide a detailed conception in Ward, Global Journalism Ethics.
23 23 Rawls, Political Liberalism, 4.
24 24 Ward, The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Chapter 8.
25 25 Rawls, Political Liberalism, 54–58.
26 26 Mindich, Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism, 113–137.
27 27 Dewey, The Public and Its Problems, 3–8.
28 28 Quine, Pursuit of Truth, 96–102.
29 29 For a detailed analysis of this example, see Bell (with Andrea Cervantez), “News Coverage of Racism, White Supremacy & Hate Speech”.
30 30 I provide a list of types of anti-democratic activity that require the oppositional stance in Ethical Journalism in a Populist Age, 127–130.
31 31 For an example of new and good work on the emotions, see Wahl-Jorgensen, Emotion and Journalism.
32 32 Damasio, Descartes’ Error.
33 33 Morton, Emotion and Imagination, 24–26.
34 34 On the contribution of wonder to the progress of science, see Daston and Park’s Wonders and the Order of Nature.
35 35 Dr. Spock is a character from the TV science fiction series, Star Trek. The non-human Dr. Spock was baffled by humans who included emotions when making decisions.
36 36 Haack, Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate, 10.
37 37 I provide a number of indexes and guidelines in Ethical Journalism in a Populist Age.
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