being in the higher risk category of peri‐implantitis. Questions about how the tooth was removed or if there was difficulty in removal of the tooth may provide useful information, as surgical removal of the tooth and difficulty in extraction resulting in bone removal may indicate a need for future hard or soft tissue augmentation. Valuable information is gathered in the history that may enlighten the clinician as to what progressed prior to their visit to the practice.
Determining the level of the patient's expectations is important to assess whether it will be possible to achieve the desired result, or whether they may need to be referred to a more experienced colleague for assistance. In cases of deficient soft tissue, it may be virtually impossible to recreate perfect soft tissue aesthetics with natural dental papilla, and discussions on the use of pink replacement with porcelain may be necessary.
Excellent patient compliance is necessary for long‐term success of dental implants, with regular dental attendance providing continual assessment, occlusal verification, and reinforcement of correct hygiene techniques. This provides the supportive care that a patient requires and at initial consultation it is necessary to advise the patient on the need for continual care. Regular oral hygiene with excellent plaque control will provide the environment for healthy peri‐implant tissues, and implant therapy should only be initiated once this has been achieved.
2.1.9 Social History
A social history may include aspects of the patient's developmental, family, and medical history, as well as relevant information about life events, social class, race, religion, and occupation.
Asking the patient about any environmental influences such as alcohol, tobacco (amounts and durations), and drug use (including illicit drugs), along with the frequency, will assist in a complete history.
2.2 Tips
A systematic and repeatable approach should be adopted, consulting with patients to ensure that a comprehensive history is taken.
Documents and checklists may be used to ensure that clinicians do not miss critical information when taking history and examining patients. These may provide prompts when questioning patients on relevant information required.
References
1 1 Brånemark, P.‐I., Adell, R., Breine, U. et al. (1969). Intra‐osseous anchorage of dental prostheses: I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 3 (2): 81–100.
2 2 Chuang, S.K., Wei, L.J., Douglass, C.W., and Dodson, T.B. (2002 Aug). Risk factors for dental implant failure: a strategy for the analysis of clustered failure‐time observations. J Dent Res 81 (8): 572–577.
3 3 Wood, M.R. and Vermilyea, S.G. (2004). A review of selected dental literature on evidence‐based treatment planning for dental implants: report of the Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics of the Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent 92 (5): 447–462.
4 4 Shernoff, A.F., Colwell, J.A., and Bingham, S.F. (1994 Oct). Implants for type II diabetic patients: interim report. VA implants in diabetes study group. Implant Dent 3 (3): 183–187.
5 5 Olson, J.W., Shernoff, A.F., Tarlow, J.L. et al. (2000 Nov). Dental endosseous implant assessments in a type 2 diabetic population: a prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 15 (6): 811–818.
6 6 Westwood, R.M. and Duncan, J.M. (1996 Nov). Implants in adolescents: a literature review and case reports. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11 (6): 750–755.
7 7 Bain, C.A. (1996). Smoking and implant failure‐‐benefits of a smoking cessation protocol. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11 (6): 756–759.
8 8 Bain, C.A. and Moy, P.K. (1993 Nov). The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8 (6): 609–615.
9 9 De Bruyn, H. and Collaert, B. (1994 Dec). The effect of smoking on early implant failure. Clin Oral Implants Res 5 (4): 260–264.
10 10 Mombelli, A. and Cionca, N. (2006 Oct). Systemic diseases affecting osseointegration therapy. Clin Oral Implants Res 17 (S2): 97–103.
11 11 Mavrokokki, T., Cheng, A., Stein, B., and Goss, A. (2007 Mar). Nature and frequency of bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in Australia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 (3): 415–423.
12 12 Ruggiero, S.L., Dodson, T.B., Fantasia, J. et al. (2014 Oct). American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw—2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 72 (10): 1938–1956.
13 13 Colella, G., Cannavale, R., Pentenero, M., and Gandolfo, S. (2007 Jul). Oral implants in radiated patients: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22 (4): 616–622.
14 14 Esposito, M., Grusovin, M.G., Patel, S. et al. (2008 Jan). Interventions for replacing missing teeth: hyperbaric oxygen therapy for irradiated patients who require dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD003603.
15 15 Ihde, S., Kopp, S., Gundlach, K., and Konstantinović, V.S. (2009 Jan). Effects of radiation therapy on craniofacial and dental implants: a review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 107 (1): 56–65.
3 Diagnostic Records
Aodhan Docherty and Christopher C.K. Ho
3.1 Principles
3.1.1 Diagnostic Imaging and Templates
Prosthodontically driven treatment planning is the objective of implant therapy, and imaging is an essential component of diagnosis and treatment planning. The use of radiographic imaging and templates (guides/stents) allow correct three‐dimensional positioning of implants as well as avoiding any critical anatomical zones which may lead to neurovascular injury or damage to other structures.
Diagnostic imaging provides information about:
The quantity of bone
The quality of bone
Relationships to critical anatomical structures such as the inferior alveolar nerve, nasopalatine canal, mental foramen, maxillary sinus, and other teeth
The presence of disease and pathology.
Radiographic imaging is used in pre‐surgical planning to determine the length and width of the proposed dental implant, and the position within the alveolus. Modern implant dentistry requires accuracy of implant positioning to attain natural aesthetics with correct emergence and proper contours of the final restorations. The use of imaging and surgical guides can facilitate proper 3D placement. Poor implant placement can lead to soft tissue deficiencies with loss of papilla, recession, or damage to other anatomical structures.
Historically, clinicians were limited to using conventional two‐dimensional imaging for dental implant treatment planning. The main drawbacks of 2D imaging are the lack of cross‐sectional information and precise location of anatomical structures [1]. These 2D imaging techniques include the following:
Intra‐oral periapical radiographs: Using a parallel technique, this
