Practical Procedures in Implant Dentistry. Группа авторов

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smile – frontal, right, and left lateral view: This view shows the lips as well as the teeth visible for this angle. The upper lateral incisor is centred on the slide. The contralateral central incisor should be visible and possibly the lateral incisor and canine (Figures 3.53.7).

        Retracted anterior view: This is an intra‐oral photograph using retractors held by the patient, with the teeth together or slightly apart (Figures 3.8 and 3.9).

       Upper and lower right and left lateral retracted view: The image is centred on the lateral incisor so that it is in the centre of the picture. The retractor is pulled to side that the picture is being taken of, while the contralateral retractor is loosely held which allows the photograph to extend further posteriorly to capture the posterior teeth (Figures 3.10 and 3.11).

       Upper and lower occlusal retracted view (use mirror): This is a reflected view from a high‐quality mirror, with as many teeth as possible included. Keep the mirror clear of fogging by warming it or using an air–water syringe. The mouth should be opened as wide as possible to allow the best mirror position. In the lower jaw is exactly the same as with the upper teeth but the patient needs to be asked to keep their tongue back so that is does not obscure the teeth (Figures 3.12 and 3.13).

Photo depicts right lateral smile. Photo depicts frontal smile.

      Figure 3.6 Frontal smile.

Photo depicts left lateral smile. Photo depicts retracted frontal shot with teeth apart. Photo depicts retracted frontal shot with teeth in maximum intercuspation. Photo depicts retracted left photograph displaying left side of teeth. The left lateral incisor should be in the centre of the photograph. Photo depicts retracted right photograph displaying right side of teeth. The right lateral incisor should be in the centre of the photograph. Photo depicts an occlusal view of mandibular teeth using a photographic mirror. Photo depicts an occlusal view of maxillary teeth using a photographic mirror.

       Conventional periapical and panoramic imaging is still very useful for treatment planning. Although CBCT is essential in planning, it can be difficult to appreciate the crown and root position of teeth adjacent to the planned site, because any given slice will vary. Clinicians who rely upon one slice during placement may encounter issues with proximity of the implant to the adjacent teeth.

       When using surgical templates, ensure windows are cut out of the template adjacent to the implant sites to allow the clinician to visualise that the template fits accurately. These windows can be located in different parts of the template as well as in close proximity to the osteotomy site.

       Practise the ALARA principle in radiographic imaging and, when possible, reduce the FOV to the ROI. Most modern CBCT machines are able to reduce FOV, thus lowering any dosage to patients.

      1 1 Fortes, J., de Oliveira‐Santos, C., Matsumoto, W. et al. (2018). Influence of 2D vs 3D imaging and professional experience on dental implant treatment planning. Clin. Oral Investig. 23: 929–936.

      2 2 Harris, D., Horner, K., Gröndahl, K. et al. (2012). E.A.O. guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry 2011. A consensus workshop organized by the European Association for Osseointegration at the Medical University of Warsaw. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 23: 1243–1253.

      3 3 Tischler, M. (2010). Treatment planning implant dentistry: an overview for the general dentist. Gen. Dent. 58 (5): 368–374.

      4 4 Tahmaseb, A., Wismeijer, D., Coucke, W., and Derksen, W. (2014). Computer technology applications in surgical implant dentistry: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 29 (Suppl): 25–42.

       Christopher C.K. Ho

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