Stems May Break or Uproot
Storms Blow in with a Wide Range of Wind Speeds
Storm Impacts Can Be Severe in Local Areas
Storms that Are Severe Enough to Be Named Are Strong Enough to Topple Vast Numbers of Trees
How Large an Area Can Be Covered by a Single Storm?
How Massive Can a Storm's Impact Be?
When Will the Next Storm Come?
The Next Storm Will Be Different Than the Last One
Trees Provide the Dominant Structure of Forests, But Small Insects Can Play a Very Major Role
How Do Tiny Insects Manage to Kill Large Trees?
Which Trees Are Most Vulnerable to Mountain Pine Beetles?
Which Forests Are Most Susceptible to Mountain Pine Beetles?
Mountain Pine Beetle Impacts Are Consistent When Scaled Up to Regional Areas
Tree Death Alters Environmental Conditions at Local Scales, But Less at Watershed Scales
Why Don't Beetles Kill More Trees?
Is This a Healthy Forest?
Forests Often Thrive When Insects Kill Trees
Should Forests with Lots of Beetle‐Killed Trees Be Logged?
Other Dynamics of Forests and Beetles Occurred Across the Region Too
Other Forests and Other Insects Have Other Stories
Tree Diseases Are Reshaping Forests in a Globalized World
Major Events May, or May Not, Influence the Probability of Other Major Events
Events in Combinations Can Have Drastically Different Legacies
Ecological Afterthought: The Ecology of Avalanches
17 CHAPTER 11: Events in Forests Forest Growth Sets the Stage for Rapid Return to Chemical Equilibrium Thick Bark Protects Cambium from Heat The Post‐Fire Forest May Be Dominated by Resprouting Vegetation Post‐Fire Environments Can Be Good for Seedling Establishment The Spatial Scale of Forest Fires is Important, But Not Simple Most Forest Fires Are Small, Though the Uncommon Large Fires Have Great Impacts Fires Burn Differently at Different Places Periods of Gradual Change Are Punctuated by the Large Changes from Fire Events Typical Fire‐Free Periods Within Forest Types Vary Across Sites and Over Centuries When Fire‐Free Intervals Get Longer, Forests Get Denser The Spatial Aspects of Fires Also Include Patterns Within Burned Patches Fire Ecology Might, or Might Not, Be Described with Fire Regimes Fires Change Soils Fires Generate Erosion in Areas That Burn, with Sediment Deposition Downslope Erosion After Fire is Usually Not a Problem, But Sometimes It's Very Severe Each Species of Animal Has a Different Response to Forest Fires Fires Interact with Other Major Events in Forests Ecological Afterthoughts: How Do Slow Changes in Forests Shape the Effects of Fires?
18 CHAPTER 12: Events in Forests Harvesting Is the Third Largest Forest Event Across the Planet Few Forests Are Plantations, But Plantations Provide Most of Our Wood Deforestation Can Be Tallied from Government Reports, or from Satellites Human Influences on Forests Have a Spectrum from Low to Very High Tree Farms Are All About Production, Not Broader Ecological Features How Sustainable Are Tree Farms? Managed Forests Come in a Variety of Systems Rotational Forests Have Birthdays Understories and Overstories Interact Through a Rotation Continuous Cover Forests Have no Birthdays, and Less Change Tree Growth Is Faster in Rotational Forestry than in Continuous Cover Forestry Management of Unmanaged Forests May Seem Like an Oxymoron How Does Retaining Trees Influence the Next Forest After Logging in Unmanaged Forests? Harvesting Is the End of the Line for Some Trees and Forests, and the Beginning of the Next Forest Harvesting Is Not the Only Big Event that Happens in Managed Forests Can Forests Remove Enough CO2 from the Atmosphere to Save the Planet? Ecological Afterthoughts: What's Next for These Forests?
19 CHAPTER 13: Conservation, Sustainability and Restoration of Forests Conservation,
