Sustainability and Restoration Build Values, Ethics, and Esthetics onto a Foundation of Forest Ecology
Conservation, Sustainability and Restoration Are About the Future
Why Do Species Go Extinct, and How Can This Be Prevented?
Conserving Old Forests Is Important, but Old Forests Do Not Last Forever
Conservation and Sustainability Have Similarities
Restoration Comes into Play When Conservation and Sustainability Have Not Been Achieved
The History of a Forest Might Be Read in Reports, in Photographs, in Trees and Remnants of Trees
Clues to the Past Structure of Forests Lurks in Tree Rings, Stumps, and Logs
What Does It Take to Restore a Forest?
Many Forests Have Reestablished Following Agricultural Land Use
Forest Reestablishment May Be Faster with Planting, and Contain More Desirable Species
Forest Reestablishment Leads to the Redevelopment of Forest Soils
Reestablishing Forests in the Absence of Soils Is a Major Challenge, Requiring Insights and Money
Management Can Shift Forests Away from Undesirable Conditions
Two Key Ideas Connect Forest Ecology with Conservation, Sustainability, and Restoration
Ecological Afterthoughts: Restoring Forests May Be About Restoring Non‐Tree Vegetation
20 CHAPTER 14: Forests of the Future Forests Have Already Changed, and Continue to Change Can Invasions Be Predicted? Some Forests Are More Invasible Than Others Not all Invasive Species Are Alike: Identity Matters Plantations of Non‐Native Trees Can Lead to Invasions Biological Control May Help Limit Invasive Species Genetics Matter The Future Is Certain to Be Warmer, with More CO2 in the Atmosphere If Droughts Increase, Which Forests and Trees Will Show Increased Mortality? Changing Climates Will Change the Distribution of Species Fires Have Always Been Important in Forests, and Fires May Become More Important People Will Contribute to Shaping Future Forests All These Factors Will Interact to Shape the Dynamics of Future Forests Rocket Science Can Get You to the Moon, but Pocket Science Leads to Better Outcomes in Forests The Core Framework Actually Needs a Fourth Question Ecological Afterthoughts: Growing Meaning in Forests
21 References
22 Index
List of Illustrations
1 PrefaceFIGURE A The ecology of all forests can be approached with a core framework ...FIGURE B Stem growth in tropical forests is higher for sites with higher pre...FIGURE C The influence of both factors can be examined together by examini...FIGURE D Rates of wood growth for lodgepole pine forests in Yellowstone Nat...FIGURE E Sal is a major species across southern Asia, just one species of 7...
2 Chapter 1FIGURE 1.1 The Tree. This tulip poplar is a typical tree for temperate fores...FIGURE 1.2 The daily pattern of incoming sunlight (A) reflects the geometry ...FIGURE 1.3 Seasonal trends in incoming sunlight (A) lead to almost twofold d...FIGURE 1.4 Growth of yellow poplar trees is low in drier summers (a negative...FIGURE 1.5 The dominant tulip poplar tree in the center of this springtime p...FIGURE 1.6 Although this looks like a topographic map of the Coweeta Basin, ...FIGURE 1.7 Forest patterns commonly vary with elevation and with local topo...FIGURE 1.8 Forest composition in the Coweeta Basin in 1935 and in 1990. The ...FIGURE 1.9 As with the tulip poplar and tulip poplar forest examined in this...
3 Chapter 2FIGURE 2.1 The vegetation in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in north...FIGURE 2.2 The distributions of major types of forests can be mapped across ...FIGURE 2.3 The tallest trees in the world occur in cool, wet locations, and...FIGURE 2.4 Rates of chemical processes increase with increasing temperature,...FIGURE 2.5 On an afternoon when air temperature was 25 °C, the temperatures ...FIGURE 2.6 All objects emit radiation to the environment, and hotter object...FIGURE 2.7 The total potential sunlight (not accounting for clouds) at 23° l...FIGURE
