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57 Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe, “Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries,” pp. 853–856 from New England Journal of Medicine 337: 12 (September 1997). © 1997 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reproduced with permission of Massachusetts Medical Society.
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59 Richard Yetter Chappell and Peter Singer, “Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research,” pp. 1–8 from Research Ethics 16: 3–4 (2020). Reproduced with permission of Sage Publications Ltd.
60 Immanuel Kant, “Duties towards Animals,” pp. 239–241 from Lectures on Ethics, trans. Louis Infield (London: Methuen, 1930).
61 Jeremy Bentham, “A Utilitarian View,” section XVIII, IV from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, First published c. 1820. Public domain.
62 Nathan Nobis, “Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong,” pp. 297−304 from American Journal of the Medical Sciences 342: 4 (October 2011). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
63 Dario L. Ringach, “Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research,” pp. 305–313 from American Journal of the Medical Sciences 342: 4 (October 2011). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
64 Carolyn P. Neuhaus, “Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non‐Human Primates,” pp. 323–327 from Journal of Medical Ethics 44. Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
65 John Stuart Mill, “Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion” (extract) from On Liberty, chapter II. First published 1859. Public domain.
66 Janet A. Kourany, “Should Some Knowledge be Forbidden: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research,” pp. 779–790 from Philosophy of Science 83 (December 2016). Reproduced with permission of University of Chicago Press.
67 James R. Flynn, “Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True,” pp. 127–131 from Journal of Criminal Justice 59 (2018). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
68 Michael J. Selgelid, “Ethics and Infectious Disease,” pp. 272–289 from Bioethics 19: 3 (2005). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
69 Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi, “XDR‐TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency,” PLoS Medicine 4: 1 (2007): e50. © 2007 Singh et al. Open access / CC BY 4.0.
70 Excerpted from Vijayaprasad Gopichandran, “Clinical Ethics During the Covid‐19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest,” pp. 1–5 from Indian Journal of Medical Ethics 5: 3 (2020).
71 Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu, “The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism and Collective Easy Rescue,” pp. 547–560 from Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 21 (2018). © 2018 Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu. Springer Nature /Open access.
72 Neil Levy, “Taking Responsibility for Responsibility,” pp. 108–113 from Public Health Ethics 12: 2 (July 2019). Oxford University Press / Open access.
73 Udo Schüklenk, “What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),” pp. 432–435 from Journal of Medical Ethics 46: 7 (2020).
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75 Udo Schüklenk, “Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation Versus Professionalism and the Public Good,” pp. 47–56 from British Medical Bulletin 126 (2018).
76 Mark Siegler, “Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept,” pp. 1518–1521 from New England Journal of Medicine 307: 24 (December 1982). © 1982 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reproduced with permission of Massachusetts Medical Society.
77 Kenneth Kipnis, “A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality,” pp. 7–18 from American Journal of Bioethics 6: 2 (2006) Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis.
78 Immanuel Kant, “On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives,” pp. 361–363 from Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics, 6th edition, trans. T. K. Abbott (London, 1909). Public domain. This essay was first published in a Berlin periodical in 1797.
79 Joseph Collins, “Should Doctors Tell the Truth?” pp. 320–326 from Harper’s Monthly Magazine 155 (August 1927).
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81 John Stuart Mill, “On Liberty,” first published in 1859. Public domain.
82 Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo, Judgment from Schloendorff v. New York Hospital (1914), p. 526 from Jay Katz (ed.), Experimentation with Human Beings: The Authority of the Investigator, Subject, Professions, and State in the Human Experimentation Process (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972). Reproduced with permission of Russell Sage Foundation.
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84 Ruth Macklin, “The Doctor–Patient Relationship in Different Cultures,” pp. 86–107 from Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search of Ethical Universals in Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). © 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press, USA.
85 Maura Priest, “Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well But Cause Harm,” pp. 45–59 from American Journal of Bioethics 19 (2019). Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis.
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87 Julian Savulescu, “Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life‐Sustaining Treatment,” pp. 191–222 from Bioethics 8: 3 (1994). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
88 Elizabeth Barnes, “Valuing Disability, Causing Disability,” pp. 88–113 from Ethics 125 (2014). Reproduced with permission of University of Chicago Press.
89 Greg Bognar, “Is Disability Mere Difference,” pp. 46–49 from Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (2016). Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
90 Adrienne
