interest of people’s welfare). Both sovereignty and self-determination are now the determinant of the subjective side of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and it is desirable that they be in balance with each other.
Regarding the subject matter, the analysis of resolutions on permanent sovereignty over natural resources shows a gradual extension of the scope of resources and activities covered by the principle: from “natural resources” and “natural wealth and resources”,118 through “natural resources, on land within their international borders, as well as those on the seabed, in its subsoil, within their national jurisdictions and covering waters”,119 then “natural resources, both terrestrial and marine, and all economic activities for the exploitation of these resources”,120 and “natural resources and all economic activities”,121 to “all wealth, natural resources and economic activities”.122
However, UN authorities have not always consistently applied individual expressions in a given period. For example, the Resolution of 1962 on permanent sovereignty over natural resources interchangeably uses the terms “natural resources” and “natural wealth and resources”. Similarly, the terms “natural resources” and “natural wealth and resources” are used interchangeably in Resolution No. 1803 (XVII), whereas the expressions “all its wealth and natural resources” and “natural resources and wealth” appear only once. The Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order (1974)123 refers to the permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “all economic activities”, and also includes references to “resources” as such, “natural and other resources” and “resources”. UN resolutions on permanent sovereignty adopted in the 1980s and 1990s, however, tend to gradually return to the original scope of the principle of permanent sovereignty, limiting the expression to “natural resources” or “natural wealth and resources”.124
“Natural wealth” refers to those elements of nature from which natural resources can be exploited or which can serve as a basis for economic activities. Natural resources can be described as materials taken from natural wealth that can be renewable or non-renewable and can be used to meet the needs of human beings and other living species.125 Both “wealth and natural resources” and “natural resources” are subject to the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. Oil and gas resources meet the criteria for inclusion in the above conceptual ranges.
11 International Court of Justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment of 19 December 2005, ICJ Reports 2005, p. 168, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/116/116-20051219-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (2020-01-09). See more: Gawłowicz I., Dyplomatyczne aspekty sporu między Demokratyczną Republiką Konga a Ugandą przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości, (in:) Aktualne problemy konstytucji: Księga Jubileuszowa z okazji 40-lecia pracy naukowej Profesora Bogusława Banaszaka, Legnica 2017, p. 150—166.
12 S. Hobe, Evolution of the Principle on Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources. From Soft Law to a Customary Law Principle?, (in:) M. Bungenberg, S. Hobe (ed.), Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, p. 3.
13 J. Tyranowski, Ekonomiczne aspekty suwerenności i samostanowienia we współczesnym prawie międzynarodowym (zagadnienia podstawowe), RPEiS 1992, No. 1, p. 32.
14 Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, San Francisco 1945, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf (2018-07-21).
15 See para. 5 Atlantic Charter. Declaration of Principles issued by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_16912.htm (2018-11-26).
16 Art. I (iii), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD Articles of Agreement, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/ibrd-articlesofagreement.pdf (2016-11-26).
17 Art. I (ii), Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, https://www .imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/ (2018-11-26).
18 F.A.O. International Timber Conference: Marianske Lazne April-May 1947, Empire Forestry Review 26 1947, p. 286–288, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42599651 (2018-11-26).
19 Memorandum by the Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, NS/UNR/1, 10.11.1948, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001547/154751eb.pdf (2020-01-09).
20 150 – Proclamation 2667—Policy of the United States With Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf, September 1928, 1945, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12332 (2018-11-26).
21 Art. 3 (ii), No 17458, Chile, Ecuador and Peru Declaration on the maritime zone. Signed at Santiago on 18 August 1952, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201006/volume-1006-I-14758-English.pdf (2018-11-26).
22 More on this topic: J. Tyranowski, Ekonomiczne aspekty suwerenności…, op. cit., p. 25–40.
23 Sentence 1 of the Preamble, UNGA resolution of 12 January 1952, 523 (VI), Integrated economic development and commercial agreements, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/067/78/IMG/NR006778.pdf?OpenElement (2018-11-26).
24 Ibidem, No. 1 (b).
25 UNGA resolution of 21 December 1952, 626 (VII),
