[149] Rösen P, Nawroth PP, King G, Möller W, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a congress series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBM, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17: 189-212.
[150] Bucala R, Tracey A, Cerami A. Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilation in experimental diabetes. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 432-8.
[151] Bierhaus A, Schiekofer S, Schwaninger M, et al. Diabetes-associated sustained activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2792-808.
[152] Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 102: 520-6.
[153] Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshank KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy XV. The longterm incidence of macular edema. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 7-16.
[154] Krolewski AS, Kosinski EJ, Warram JH, Leland OS, Busick EJ, Asmal AC, Rand LI, Christlieb AR, Bradley RF, Kahn CR. Magnitude and determinants of coronary artery disease in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 750-5.
[155] Mauer SM, Goetz FC, McHugh LE, Sutherland DER, Barbosa J, Najarian JS, Steffes MW. Longterm study of normal kidneys transplanted into patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 1989; 38: 516-23.
[156] Parving HH, Hommel E, Smidt UM. Protection of kidney function and decrease of in albuminuria by captopril in insulin dependent diabetes with nephropathy. BMJ 1987; 297: 1086-91.
[157] Parving HH, Andersen M, Smidt UH, Hommel E, Mathiesen ER, Svendsen PA. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1987; 294: 1443-7.
[158] UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-13.
[159] Adler AI, Stratum IM, Neil HAW, Yudkin JS, Mathews DR, Cull CA, Wright AD, Turner RC, Holman RR, on behalf of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321: 412-9.
[160] Sjolie AK. Ocular complications in insulin treated diabetes mellitus: an epidemiological study. Acta Ophthalmol 1985; 172 (suppl): 1-77.
[161] Mühlhauser I, Sawicki P, Berger M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for macroproteinuria and proliferative retinopathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 500-3.
[162] Klein BEK, Moss SE, Klein R. Effect of pregnancy on progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 34-40.
[163] Rosenn B, Miodovnik M, Kranias G, Khoury J, Combs CA, Mimouni F, Siddiqi TA, Lipman MJ. Progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: association with hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1214-8.
[164] Chew EY, Mills JL, Metzger BE, Remaley NA, Jovanovic-Petersen L, Knopp RH, Conley M, Rand L, Simpson JL, Holmes LB, Aorans JH. Metabolic control and progression of retinopathy. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 631-7.
[165] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs. An extension of the modified Airlie house classification. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report number 10, Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 786-806.
[166] Chaturvedi N, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH. The relationship between smoking and microvascular complications in the EURODIABIDDM Complications Study. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 785-92.
[167] Mühlhauser I, Bender R, Bott U, Jörgens V, Grüsser M, Wagener W, Overmann H, Berger M. Cigarette smoking and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 1996; 13: 536-43.
[168] Ballegooie E Van, Hooymans JMM, Timmerman Z, Reitsma WD, Sluiter WJ, Schweitzer NMJ, Doorenbos H. Rapid deterioratiion of diabetic retinopathy during treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 236-42.
[169] DCCT Research Group. Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 874-86.
[170] Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL, Remaley NA, Murphy RP, Chantry K, Hoggwerf BJ, Miller D, for the ETDRS Research Group. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exsudate in diabetic retinopathy, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114: 1079-84.
[171] Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE, Barton F, Aiello LM, Chew EY, Ferris FL, Knatterud GL for the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report #18. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39: 233-52.
[172] The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Indications for photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy: Diabetic Retinopathy Study report no. 14. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987; 27 (suppl4): 239-53.
[173] The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Four-year results of a randomized trial: Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Report no 5. Arch Ophthalmol 1990; 108: 958-64.
[174] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group (EDTRS) report number 9. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 766-85.
[175] Widder RA, Brunner R, Walter P, Lüke C, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Heimann K, Borberg H. Improvement of visual acuity in patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy after membrane differential filtration: a pilot study. Transfus Sci 1999; 21: 201-6.
[176] Krolewski M, Eggers P, Warram JH. Magnitude of end-stage renal disease in IDDM: a 35-year follow-up study. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 2041-6.
[177] Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Christlieb AR, Busick EJ, Kahn CR. The changing natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Am J Med 1985; 78: 785-94.
[178] Ballard DJ, Humphrey LL, Melton LJ, Frohnert PP, Chu C-P. O'Fallon WM, Palumbo PJ. Epidemiology of persistent proteinuria in type II diabetes mellitus. Population-based study in Rochester, Minn. Diabetes 1988; 37: 405-12.
[179] Humphrey LL, Ballard DJ, Frohnert PP, Chu CP, O'Fallon M, Palumbo PJ. Chronic renal failure in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. A population based study in Rochester. Minn. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 788-96.
[180] Krolewski AS, Laffel LMB, Krolewski M, Quinn M, Warram JH. Glycosylated hemoglobin and risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1251-5.
[181] Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the perspective of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1289-98.
[182] Haffner SM. Is there a glycemic threshold? Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1791.
[183] Borch-Johnsen K, Kreiner S. Proteinuria: value as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1987; 294: 1651-4.
[184] Jensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A, Deckert T. Coronary heart disease in young type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy: incidence and risk factors. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 144-8.
