P. Butel, L.M. Cullen (eds), Cities and merchants: French and Irish perspectives on urban development 1500–1900 (Dublin, 1986); Turlough O’Riordan, ‘Thomas Sutton (1722–1782)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
62 Bernadette Whelan, American government in Ireland, 1790–1913: a history of the US consular service (Manchester, 2010), 2, 87 (quote).
63 Ian McBride, Eighteenth century Ireland (Dublin, 2009), 110; Patrick Geoghegan, ‘Simon Harcourt (1714–1777)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
64 R.D.C. Black, ‘Theory and policy in Anglo-Irish trade relations 1775–1800’, Journal of the social and statistical inquiry society of Ireland, vol. 28 (1950), 312–14.
65 Thomas Bartlett, ‘George Macartney (1737–1806)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
66 Daniel Beaumont, ‘William George Digges LaTouche (1747–1803)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009); F.S.L. Lyons (ed.), Bank of Ireland 1783–1983 (Dublin, 1983).
67 Louis Cullen, Princes and pirates: the Dublin Chamber of Commerce 1783–1983 (Dublin, 1983); Sean Connolly (ed.), Belfast 400: people, place and history (Liverpool, 2012), 22–3; Ian McBride, Eighteenth century Ireland, 11–12.
68 Ciaran O’Neill, ‘Education, imperial careers and the Irish Catholic elite in the nineteenth century’, in D. Dickson, J. Pyz, C. Shepard (eds), Irish classrooms and British empire (Dublin, 2012), 98–110.
69 Jessica Harland-Jacobs, Builders of Empire: freemasons and British imperialism 1717–1927 (University of North Carolina, 2007); C.J. Woods, ‘Archibald Hamilton Rowan (1751–1834)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
70 C.J. Woods, ‘Leonard MacNally (1752–1820)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009); C.J. Woods, ‘William Jackson (1737–1795)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
71 Kevin Whelan, ‘Lord Edward FitzGerald (1763–98)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
72 Thomas Bartlett, ‘Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763–98)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
73 Patrick Geoghegan, ‘Robert Stewart (1769–1822)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
74 Marianne Elliott, Partners in revolution: the United Irishmen and France (Yale, 1982), 323–64.
75 Michael Funchion (ed.), Irish American voluntary organisations (Connecticut, 1983); Patrick Geoghegan, ‘David Bailie Warden (1772–1845)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
76 Bernadette Whelan, American government in Ireland, 1790–1913: a history of the US consular service (Manchester, 2010), 85–95; Denis O’Hearn, ‘Ireland and the Atlantic economy’, in Terence McDonough (ed.), Was Ireland a colony?: economic, politics and culture in nineteenth-century Ireland (Dublin, 2005).
77 Owen McGee (ed.), Eugene Davis’ souvenirs of Irish footprints over Europe (1889, 2nd ed., Dublin, 2006), 121–2, 133–6; Maria O’Brien, ‘Augusta Mary Anne Holmes (1847–1903)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009). Holmes was the daughter of an Irish-born French military officer.
78 This dynamic particularly defined the careers of Thomas Moore and Daniel Maclise. Fintan Cullen, R.F. Foster, ‘Conquering England’: Ireland in Victorian London (London, 2005), 57–9.
79 Howard Gaskill (ed.), The reception of Ossian in Europe (London, 2004).
80 Robert Somerville-Woodward, The Ossianic society 1853–1863 (Dublin, 1999); W.B. Yeats, Collected poems (London, 1989).
81 Owen McGee (ed.), Eugene Davis’ souvenirs of Irish footprints over Europe (1889, 2nd ed., Dublin, 2006), 179–81; Gerard Keown, First of the small nations: the beginnings of Irish foreign policy in the interwar years 1919–1932 (Oxford, 2015), 89.
82 James Donnelly, The great Irish potato famine (Gloucester, 2002), chapter 7.
83 James Donnelly, The great Irish potato famine (Gloucester, 2002), chapter 3.
84 In 1880, at a time of about 14,000 evictions in the west of Ireland, the Irish National Land League collected about £245,000 in the United States for Irish relief aid. At the same time, a Dublin Mansion House Relief Fund collected £180,000 within the United Kingdom and the British colonies. As the former fund emanated from outside British jurisdiction, however, the Land League was declared illegal and prior recipients of its funds were imprisoned on charges of sedition. C.C. O’Brien, Parnell and his party (Oxford, 1957), 134–5; T.W. Moody, Davitt and Irish revolution (Oxford, 1981); Mansion House Relief Committee (Dublin, 1881); Samuel Clark, Social origins of the land war (Philadelphia, 1974), 306.
85 Ciaran O’Neill, ‘Education, imperial careers and the Irish Catholic elite in the nineteenth century’, in D. Dickson, J. Pyz, C. Shepard (eds), Irish classrooms and British empire (Dublin, 2012), 108–9; Francis M. Carroll, ‘Thomas D’Arcy McGee (1825–68)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009). On this theme, see also the Dictionary of Irish biography entries for John Hobart Caradoc (1799–1873) and Thomas Colley Grattan (1781–1864), and George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford, 2008), 185–7.
86 Damian Shiels, The Irish in the American civil war (Dublin, 2013); Arthur Mitchell (ed.), Fighting Irish in the American civil war and the invasion of Mexico (North Carolina, 2017).
87 Kerby Miller, Emigrants and exiles: Ireland and the Irish exodus to North America (Oxford, 1985).
88 George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford, 2008), 214.
89 See, for instance,
