Meagher, Thomas D’Arcy McGee, Terence Bellew McManus, Michael Doheny, John O’Mahony, Thomas Joseph Kelly, John Devoy and John Finerty.
90 George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford, 2008), 160, 196, 215.
91 Peter O’Leary, ‘Daniel Florence O’Leary (1801–1854)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009). Department of foreign affairs and trade, The Irish in Latin America (Dublin, 2016).
92 See the Dictionary of Irish biography entries for James Francis Xavier O’Brien, Thomas Francis Bourke and William George Halpin.
93 George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford, 2008), 180, 214–16.
94 William D’Arcy, The Fenian movement in the United States (Washington D.C., 1947). The British foreign office collected copies of these American Fenian statements for intelligence purposes. Many of these can now be found in the National Archives of Ireland in Dublin.
95 Bernadette Whelan, American government in Ireland, 1790–1913: a history of the US consular service (Manchester, 2010), 85, 95–7.
96 Bernadette Whelan, American government in Ireland, 97–9.
97 J.P. Rodechko, Patrick Ford and his search for America (New York, 1976); Owen McGee, ‘John Finerty (1846–1908)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
98 George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford, 2008), 96–8, 116–17, 126–9, 185-7.
99 David A. Lake, ‘The state and American trade strategy in the pre-hegemonic era’, International organization: the state and American foreign economic policy, vol. 42 no. 1 (winter 1988), 33–58.
100 George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford, 2008), 282 (quote); David Sim, A union forever: the Irish question and US foreign relations in the Victorian age (New York, 2013).
101 A. Landy, ‘A French adventurer and American expansionism after the civil war’, Science and society, vol. 15 no. 4 (fall 1951), 313–33; Marta Ramon, A provisional dictator: James Stephens and the Fenian movement (Dublin, 2007), 205.
102 Speeches of American Fenian filibusters who were arrested in Ireland, such as John McCafferty and Thomas Francis Bourke, virtually alleged that the British foreign office had manipulated the American civil war into happening. [A.M. Sullivan], Speeches from the dock (Dublin, 1868). In practice, the principal American grievance with Britain was the degree to which it gave practical recognition to the Confederacy as a belligerent. Paradoxically, McCafferty himself was a former Confederate.
103 ‘Henri Le Caron’ [Thomas Henry Beach], Twenty-five years in the secret service (London, 1893).
104 Leon O’Broin, Fenian fever: an Anglo-American dilemma (London, 1971).
105 Marta Ramon, A provisional dictator, quote p. 59.
106 Lucy E. Salyer, Under the starry flag: how a band of Irish Americans joined the Fenian Brotherhood and sparked a crisis over citizenship (Cambridge, 2018).
107 Arthur Mitchell (ed.), Fighting Irish in the American civil war and the invasion of Mexico (North Carolina, 2017), 238–53.
108 The text of the Vatican’s official condemnation of the Fenians can be found in D’Arcy, Fenian movement, 329.
109 One Fenian, William Randall Roberts, did become associated with Tammany Hall and served one undistinguished term as American minister for Chile under the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland (1884–8). Owen McGee, ‘William Randall Roberts (1830–97)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009).
110 See the entries for John Savage, Thomas Joseph Kelly, John Finerty and Patrick Egan in the Dictionary of Irish biography.
111 Róisín Healy, Poland in the Irish nationalist imagination 1772–1922: anti-colonialism within Europe (London, 2017).
112 Owen McGee, The IRB (Dublin, 2005), 32–6, 62–3.
113 A. Landy, ‘A French adventurer and American expansionism after the civil war’, Science and society, vol. 15 no. 4 (fall 1951), 313–33. The text of the proclamation can be found in John Newsinger, Fenianism in mid-Victorian Britain (London, 1994), 54–5.
114 Owen McGee, The IRB (Dublin, 2005), chapters 2–4.
115 Bernadette Whelan, ‘President Ulysses Grant’s Irish tour, 1879’, History Ireland, vol. 19 no. 1 (Jan.–Feb. 2011); George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford, 2008), 265 (quote).
116 Owen McGee, The IRB (Dublin, 2005), 60–5.
117 Noel Kissane, Parnell: a documentary history (Dublin, 1991), 28–9; Owen McGee, ‘William Carroll (1835–1926)’, Dictionary of Irish biography (Cambridge, 2009). Although a Westminster MP, Parnell had an anti-British ancestor who served as an officer in the American navy during its 1812 war against Britain.
118 John Devoy, ‘The story of Clan na Gael’, Gaelic American (weekly serial, Sep. 1923–Apr. 1925).
119 Owen McGee, The IRB (Dublin, 2005), chapters 4–5.
120 Margaret O’Callaghan, British high politics and a nationalist Ireland (Cork, 1994); M.L. Legg, Newspapers and nationalism (Dublin, 1999), 136–8, 168–9; Owen McGee, The IRB, 86–7, 121–130.
