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Dissolved oxygen and nutrients 110
Sediment 111
Oxygen within the sediment 112
Bacteria 113
Adaptations of the fauna 113
Mangrove forest vegetation 116
Composition 117
Zonation 124
Biomass and productivity 131
Other coastal vegetation 136
Pes-caprae formation 136
Barringtonia formation 137
Rocky shores 140
Fauna of sediment beaches 140
Open area communities 140
Shorebirds 144
Turtles 151
Maleo birds 155
Seabirds 159
Invertebrates of mangrove forest 162
Terrestrial fauna of mangrove forest 174
Fauna of beach forests, particularly coconut crabs 175
Fauna of rocky shores 181
Introduction 181
Functions and products of mangrove forest 185
Tambak fishponds 187
Mangrove forest management 192
Chapter 3 Estuaries, seagrass meadows and coral reefs 195
Estuaries 195
Water characteristics 195
Fauna 196
Primary productivity 201
Seagrass meadows 201
Seagrasses 201
Reproduction 206
Biomass, productivity and decomposition 207
Effects of development 208
Dugongs 210
Coral reefs 212
Importance and species richness 212
Structure and formation 213
Reef invertebrates 219
Reef fish 232
Reef algae and herbivores 238
Productivity and plankton 241
Causes of coral death and reef destruction 241
Coral reef fisheries 243
Coral reef survey techniques 246
Chapter 4 Freshwater ecosystems 257
Introduction 257
Lakes and rivers 258
Physical features 262
Water inputs and outputs 264
Water chemistry 266
Plants 268
Macrophytes 268
Phytoplankton 283
Fungi, bacteria and blue-green algae 284
Fauna 285
Zooplankton 286
Macro-invertebrates 287
Schistosomiasis and echinostomiasis of the Lindu valley 293
Fish 298
Aquatic reptiles 301
Water birds 305
Malili lakes system 308
Physical patterns in lakes 310
Temperature 310
Oxygen 311
Nutrients and conductivity 312
Light penetration 314
Stability 315
Biotic patterns in lakes 316
Physical patterns in rivers 317
Discharge 317
Shear stress 319
Riverbed particle size 320
Temperature 321
Dissolved oxygen and mineral nutrients 321
Biotic patterns in rivers 323
Current 323
Substratum 324
Temperature and dissolved
oxygen 324
Mineral nutrients 325
Biotic factors 325
Energy flow 325
Benthos dynamics 328
Fisheries 330
Management of macrophytes 336
Impacts of development 340
Industrial,
