Differences within and between caves 561
Effects of disturbance 561
Chapter 9 Agroecosystems 567
Characteristics 567
Swidden, shifting and intensive agriculture 570
Pest ecology and control 573
Rice fields 577
Introduction 577
Rice fields as an ecosystem 579
Insect pests on rice 581
Rats and their control 583
Rice field birds 585
Coconut and clove 588
Coconut 589
Clove 596
Cotton 598
Chapter 10 Urban ecology 601
Introduction 601
Gardens and streets 602
Vegetation 602
Birds 608
Bats 612
Walls 614
Ditches 617
Houses 620
Spiders and ants 620
Geckos 620
Possible urban ecology studies 621
Chapter 11 Resources and the future 625
Forestry 625
Watershed management 628
Implications of Island Biogeographic theory 631
Extinction and conservation 633
Genetic resources 637
Future scenarios 638
Drawing the line 638
Appendices 641
A. Interpretation of soil analysis data 641
B. Plant family abbreviations used in the text 642
C. Key to the trees of mangrove and estuarine areas 644
D. Key to seagrasses 646
E. Keys to the submerged and floating freshwater macrophytes 648
F. Key to tree ferns 652
G. Key to termites 654
H. Key to mudskippers 656
I. Key to toads and frogs 658
J. Key to house geckos 661
K. Key to parrots 662
L. Key to bat families 663
M. Key to fruit bats 664
N. Data sheet for coral reef monitoring 666
Notes 669
Bibliography 681
Index 727
Foreword to
the first edition (1987)
Indonesia, with its large population and vast and varied natural resources, must strive for economic development at the same time as protecting and enhancing the environment. Development must involve a harmonious relationship between Man and God, Man and his fellow man, and Man and Nature.
This book has been written as one important element in the incorporation of environmental thinking into development activities on Sulawesi. It provides important ecological information which will assist government planning agencies and project developments in including ecological considerations in development activities. The Ecology of Sulawesi is part of a series of books on the ecology of Indonesia. The first book in the series, The Ecology of Sumatra, was published in 1984 and is now in its third printing. A continuing demand for books in the series is evident.
The Ecology of Sulawesi has been written with the involvement of scientists from the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang. The books in this Ecology of series serve not only to provide basic information on the environment. The process of preparation of the books also allows for training and technology transfer in environmental research between the authors and the junior scientists at the university environmental study centres.
We hope that scientists will be encouraged by this book to pursue further research on the ecological conditions in Sulawesi, and to apply the results of this continuing research to solutions to the environmental challenges posed by development in Sulawesi.
Emil Salim
Minister of State for Population and Environment
Republic of Indonesia
Acknowledgements
to the first edition (1987)
This book was produced within the Environmental Management Development in Indonesia (EMDI) Project, implemented by the Indonesian Ministry of State for Population and Environment (KLH) and the School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES) at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The project is funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The commitment to the publication of The Ecology of Sulawesi of those people involved in the administration of the project is much appreciated and special thanks are due to Koesnadi Hardjasoemantri, Sjafran Sjamsuddin (KLH, Jakarta), Arthur Hanson, Geoffrey Hainsworth, and George Greene (SRES, Halifax). The book has been born out of the experience of producing The Ecology of Sumatra which was financed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) between 1982 and 1984.
The Rectors of the four state universities on Sulawesi namely Fachruddin, (Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang), Mattulada (Tadu-lako University, Palu), W.J. Waworoento (Sam Ratulangi University, Manado) and Eddy Agussalim Mokodompit (Haluoleo University, Kendari) and their staffs have cooperated by supplying information and have supported the effort to further the ecological understanding of Sulawesi.
The
