The Complete Guide to Japanese Kanji. Kenneth G. Henshall

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as phonetic with associated sense ‘strong’, to give ‘strong person’; meaning later generalized to ‘strong’, and by extension ‘healthy’. KJ1970:385; YK1976:159; OT1968:74.

      Mnemonic: HEALTHY PERSON STANDS ERECT

      500

      L4

      験

      KEN

      examine

      18 strokes

      試験 SHIKEN examination

      実験 JIKKEN experiment

      経験 KEIKEN experience

      Seal ; late graph (Shuowen); traditional form 驗. Has 馬 210 ‘horse’, and 僉 (CO, ‘people agree on opinion’). The associated meaning of 僉 here is disputed: one analysis takes it as phonetic with associated sense unclear (Katō, Yamada), regarding ‘examine’ as a loan usage. Tōdō, though, includes it in a word-family with associated sense ‘collect and bring together/under control’, an interpretation giving ‘examine’. KJ1970:376-7; YK1976:161; TA1965:842-6. Suggest taking as ‘odd’ elder brother 兄 114 under cover .

      Mnemonic: ODD ELDER BROTHER EXAMINES HORSE UNDER COVER

      501

      L3

      固

      KO, katai/meru/maru

      hard, firm, solid

      8 strokes

      固体 KOTAI solid state

      強固 KYŌKO solidity

      固まり katamari lump, mass

      Seal ; late graph (Shuowen). Has 囗 84 ‘enclosure’ (taken here as walls of a castle or citadel), and 古 121 (‘old’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘solid, hard, firm’, to give ‘defend solidly with castle walls’ or ‘defend castle walls solidly’. The meaning later became generalized to ‘hard, solid’; in Tōdō’s word-family ‘hard, solid’. KJ1970:392; YK1976:167; TA1965:385-90; OT1968:205.

      Mnemonic: OLD ENCLOSING WALL IS FIRM AND SOLID

      502

      L1

      功

      KŌ, KU

      merit, service

      5 strokes

      成功 SEIKŌ success

      功罪 KŌZAI pros and cons

      功労 KŌRŌ stalwart service

      Bronze ; seal . Has 力 78 ‘strength, effort’, and 工 125 (‘adze’ or other tool) as phonetic with associated sense ‘work’ or ‘make’, to give ‘put effort into work’, and by extension ‘meritorious’. MS1995:v1:138-9; KJ1970:406; YK1976:173; OT1968:124.

      Mnemonic: STRENGTH AND USE OF TOOL MEANS MERITORIOUS SERVICE

      503

      L4

      好

      KŌ, suku/ki, konomu

      like, fine, good

      6 strokes

      好意` KŌI goodwill

      好きな suki na nice, liked

      好色 KŌSHOKU amorousness

      OBI ; seal . Has 女 37 ‘woman’, and 子 27 ‘child’. Scholars are divided over the function of 子 here. The traditional view (as in Shuowen) is to take 子 semantically as ‘child’, to give ‘woman looks after child’, and by extension favourable senses such as ‘like, favor’, ‘good’ (Ogawa, Tōdō). Alternatively, 子 is seen as phonetic, with associated sense ‘beautiful’, to give ‘beautiful woman’, and then by extension ‘like, favor’ (Katō, Yamada). The view taking 子 as phonetic, though, is less persuasive. Mizukami lists both interpretations. OT1968:252; TA1965:226-7; KJ1970:163; YK1976:176; MS1995:v1:310-11; AS2007:273,633.

      Mnemonic: WOMAN LIKES CHILD – WHAT A FINE THING

      504

      L3

      候

      KŌ, sōrō

      weather, sign, ask, serve, suffix

      10 strokes

      気候 KIKŌ climate

      候補 KŌHO candidacy

      候文 sōrōBUN historical style

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