of “hostile informatives”: such was the case with the use of French argot in Émile Pouget’s (1860–1931) fin-de-siècle newspaper, the Père Peinard (1889–1902).245
But even in Russia, where anarchism was an illegal, underground movement, as Michaël Confino observes, the anarchists’ vocabulary is no argot; it is “not a clandestine language, the utility of which consists in not being understood by those not privy to the ‘secret.’”246 More often, especially under regimes with even limited freedom of speech and assembly, anarchists chose to openly defy bans and constraints, to make these into the occasion for struggle—the “free speech fights” of Emma Goldman and the IWW, for instance, holding meetings in public and challenging the laws. Anarchist movement poetry, by and large, pursues just this strategy, pushing the boundaries of acceptable public discourse rather than surrendering the field.
159 Mallarmé qtd. in Richard Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics in Fin De Siècle France (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 225, 332n28, 255; Ibid., 22; Rosemary Lloyd, Mallarmé: The Poet and His Circle (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005), 207, 212. See also Mallarmé’s response to Jules Huret’s political questions in his Enquête sur l’évolution littéraire (Paris: n.p., 1891), 61–62; and Hugo Ball, Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary, ed. John Elderfield (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 10, 12, 24–25, etc.
160 Weir, Anarchy and Culture, 4.
161 Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
162 Lucía Sánchez Saornil qtd. in Poetas del Novecientos: entre el Modernismo y la Vanguardia, Tomo I: De Fernando Fortún a Rafael Porlán, ed. José Luis García Martín (Madrid: Fundación BSCH, Fundación Santander Central Hispano, 2001), 159.
163 Harold Bloom, A Map of Misreading (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 19.
164 For an extended argument on this point, see Hubert van den Berg, “Anarchismus, Ästhetik und Avantgarde,” in Anarchismus und Utopie in der Literatur um 1900, ed. Jaap Grave et al. (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2005), 22–45, and “Anarchismus für oder gegen Moderne und Avant-garde?,” Avant-Garde 3 (1989): 86–97.
165 Julia Kristeva, Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 195; Catherine Coquio, “Le soir et l’aube: Décadence et anarchisme,” Revue d’histoire littéraire de la France 99.3 (mai–juin 1999): 454; Uri Eisenzweig, “Poétique de l’attentat: anarchisme et littérature fin-de-siècle,” Revue d’histoire littéraire de la France 99.3 (1999): 443; Ball, Flight Out of Time, 19.
166 E.g., Lazare, L’Écrivain et l’art social, 23–25; Fernand Pelloutier, “L’Art et la révolte,” in Fernand Pelloutier et les origines du syndicalisme d’action directe, ed. Jacques Julliard (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1971), 507; Luigi Fabbri, Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism, trans. Chaz Bufe (Tuscon, AZ: See Sharp Press, 2001), 8.
167 Georges Poinsot and Mafféo-Charles Normandy, Les Poètes Sociaux (Paris: Louis Michaud, 1909), xxv. This judgment might have to be considerably complicated by a consideration of the Korean case. During the period of anti-Japanese resistance, poets such as Hwang Seok-Woo (1895–1959) and Kwon Ku-hyeon (1898–1938), while concretely engaged with anarchist projects and organizations like the Heukdo Hoe (Black Wave Society), sometimes drew on Symbolist resources to articulate a utopian vision. Moreover, Symbolist coterie poetry journals like Jangmichon (Rose Village) often blurred the lines between poetry and political militancy. However, in the 1920s and 1930s, Korean anarchist poets were increasingly pulled in the direction of proletarian literature. See Cho Doo-Sub, “1920nyeondae hangug sangjingjuuisiui anakijeumgwa yeonsogseong yeongu [A Study on the Relationship Between 1920s Korean Symbolist Poems and Anarchism],” Ulimalgeul tong-gwon 26 (2002): 331–385; and Cho Young-Bok, 1920-yeondae ch’ogi si eui inyeom kwa mihak (The Ideology and Aesthetics of Korean Poems in the Early 1920s) (Seoul: Somyeong Ch’ulp’an, 2004).
168 André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism, trans. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972), 125.
169 Alain Pessin, “Anarchisme et littérature au XXe siècle,” Proudhon, anarchisme, art et société: Actes du Colloque de la Société P.-J. Proudhon, Paris, 2 décembre 2000 (Paris: Société P.-J. Proudhon, 2001), 81.
170 Clara Rey, “Poesía popular libertaria y estética anarquista en el rio de la plata,” Revista de Critica Literaria Latinoamericana 15.29 (1989): 186.
171 Serge Salaün, La poesía de la guerra de España (Madrid: Castalia, 1985), 34; Granier, Les briseurs de formules, 82; Eric Arthur Gordon, Anarchism in Brazil: Theory and Practice, 1890–1920 (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1979), 219; Rosemary Chapman, Henry Poulaille and Proletarian Literature: 1920–1939 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1992), 47.
172 Granier, Les Briseurs de formules, 84–85.
173 Kim Gyoung-Bog, Hangug anakijeum simunhag yeongu [A Study of Korean Anarchist Poetry] (Diss., Pusan National University, 1998).
174 Qtd. in Peter G. Zarrow, China in War and Revolution (New York: Routledge, 2005), 137.
175 Merle Goldman, Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 25; Dietrich Tschanz, “Where East and West Meet: Chinese Revolutionaries, French Orientalists, and Intercultural Theater in 1910s Paris,” Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies 4.1 (June 2007): 100.
176 Kim Gyoung-Bog, Hangug anakijeum simunhag yeongu.
177 Ibid. Gang Hyejin, Kwon Ku-hyeon si yeongu: anakijeumgwaui gwanlyeonseong-eul jungsim-eulo (MA Thesis, Yeungnam University, 2010), (Gang Hyejin notes that the Korean anarchist poet Kwon Ku-hyeon used “the traditional form of poetry and folk songs.”)
178 Libertaire Group, A Short History of the Anarchist Movement in Japan (Tokyo: Idea Pub. House, 1979),107; Helene Bowen Raddeker, Treacherous Women of Imperial Japan: Patriarchal Fictions, Patricidal Fantasies (London: Routledge, 1997), 42, 86.
179 E. Patricia Tsurumi, “Feminism and Anarchism in Japan: The Case of Takamure
