the Mamlûks, ib; Syria and Damascus, xxvi; his enrol- ment as a Mamluk, and reserve as to his profession of Islâm, his Mus- sulman name (Yûnas or Jonah), and his knowledge of Muhammedanism, xxvi; remarks on such conformity to Islâmism, xxvii; he joins the Hajj Caravan from Damascus, ib.; the only European who has reached Meccah by that route, xxvii; his sketches of the desert and Bedawin, xxviii; his notice of a colony of Jews near El-Medinah, and the fact authenticated, ib.; his description of El-Medinah and correction of fables about Mukam- med's coffin, xxix; his journey on to Meccah, xxx; his notice of the politics of the time confirmed by Arabic authorities, the Kurrat El- Ayun and Ruah er-Ruah, xxx-xxxv; his account of Meccah, its visitors, holy places, and ceremonies, xxxv; wonderful truth of his descriptions, as confirmed incidentally by Burckhardt and expressly by Burton, xxxvi.
Varthema escapes to Juddah from the Caravan, xxxvi-vii; his voyage down
the Red Sea and arrival at Aden, xxxviii; suspected as a Christian spy and imprisoned, and sent to the Sultan of southern Yemen at Radâä, xxxix; corroboration of a part of Varthema's story here from the nar- ratives of Portuguese acts of piracy at this time, xxxix—xli; outline of the contemporary politics of Yemen from Arabic authorities, xli—xliv, and incidental corroboration of Varthema's narrative, xliv; intervention of one of the Sultan's wives in Varthema's favour, and his pretended madness, xlv; morality of the harim, ib.; Varthema obtains leave to visit Aden, where he engages a passage to India, and spends the interval before its departure on an excursion through Yemen, xlvi ; he is the first European traveller who has described that country, and scarcely any but
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Niebuhr have followed, xlvi; abstract of his route, xlvii; returns to Aden, embarks, runs for Africa and visits Zaila and Berbera; truth of his de- scriptions, xlviii; circumstantial evidence of the season at which this voyage was made, xlix; Varthema crosses the Indian ocean to Diu in Guzerat; thence to Gogo; and thence westward to Julfar in the Per- sian Gulf, Maskat, and Hormuz, 1; notices of Hormuz and its his- tory, 1, li.
Varthema's visit to Eri or Herat, lii; difficulty about his "large and fine
river;" Shiraz, liii; his meeting with a Persian merchant "Cozazionor," who becomes his travelling companion; advantages of this to Varthema, liv; they start for Samarcand, but are turned back by the Sufi's perse- cution of the Shi'as; confirmation of this from history, lv,lvi; Cozazionor proposes to give Varthema his niece in marriage, lvii; they reach Honnnz and embark for India, arriving at Cheo or Jooah on the Indus; they reach Cambay, lviii; truth of particulars regarding it.
Political state of "Western India at this period, lviii; accession to the
throne of Guzerat of Mahmud Shah, surnamed Bigarrah, who reigned during Varthema's visit, lix; Mussulman kingdom of the Deccan, its vicissitudes and subdivision; 'Adil Shah of Bijapur, Varthema's "King of Deccan," lx; the Brahminical kingdom of Bijayanagar; Ramraj of that state, Varthema's" King of Narsinga," lxi; Rajah of Cannanore; kingdom of the Zamuri Rajah or Zamorin, lxii; history of his pre- eminence as given by the Portuguese; Quilon, lxiii; Chayl; kingdom of Bengal under the Purbi sultans.
Varthema's account of the Jains and the Joghis, lxiv; his description of
Sultan Mahmud's mustachioes confirmed by the Mussulman historians. Varthema's journey along the coast, inland to Bijapur and back to the coast, and so to Cannanore, lxv; his abstinence from communication with the Portuguese already established there; visit to Bijayanagar, and remarks on his notices of the coinage; return to the coast and journey along it to Calicut, lxvi; fullness, truth, and originality of his descriptions of manners and peculiarities here, of the distinctions of castes and singular marriage customs, lxvii; remarks upon these.
Varthema and his companion quit Calicut by the Backwaters, for Kayan-
Kulam and Colon or Quilon, lxix; thence to Chayl; position of the latter; city of Cioromandel, lxx, probably Negapatam; their visit to Ceylon; they proceed to Paleachet or Pulicat, lxxi; remarks suggested by the narrative as to the freedom of trade, and protection of foreign traders in India in those days, lxxi; many subordinate ports then fre- quented even by foreign vessels are now abandoned and have disap- peared from the maps, lxxii; causes of the greater commercial centraliza- tion of the present day, and doubts whether the improvement of access to the old intermediate ports would not have been attended by better results ; general prosperity which seems to have prevailed, and for which a much less equal distribution of property has now been substituted; impartial administration of justice in old India; the comparative costli- ness and tardiness of our system; humorous story in illustration related by an Arab merchant, lxxiv.
Sketch of the political geography of the Transgangetic Peninsula, lxxvi;
Pegu, Siam, Ava, and Toungoo; the various kingdoms of Sumatra; "Moors" and "Pagans;" Java, lxxvii; sovereigns of the farther islands visited by Varthema.
The travellers sail from Pulicat to Tarnassari or Tenasserim, lxxviii;
truthful features of the description; Varthema's notice of the Hornbill, lxxix; of extraordinary marriage usages; voyage to the "city of Ban- ghella," lxxx; discussion as to the whereabouts of the city so indicated, with various quotations; wealth and abundance of products, lxxxii; meeting with Christians from the city of Sarnan, and probable identifi- cation of that place, from passage in Odorico; remarks on the interest- ing character of Fra Odorico's narrative, lxxxiii; these Christians advised
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Varthema's companion to visit Pegu with them, lxxxiv; description of Pegu, Lxxxv; Varthema's statement about the existence of Christians there, Lxxxv; interview with the King of Pegu, lxxxvi.
Departure for Malacca, lxxxvii; "Great River," viz. Straits of Malacca,
lxxxvii; character of the place and people, and corroboration of Var- thema's narrative; Sumatra, lxxxviii; questions raised by the text regarding coins and silk in that island; voyage to the Spice Islands undertaken, xc; this part of the route never previously recorded by any European, but it would be rash to say never travelled, xci; the Nutmeg or Banda Islands; Monoch or the Moluccas; which of the latter did Varthema visit? xcii; visit to Borneo, the part not determined, xciii ; curious particulars as to appliances for navigation, xciv; the Southern Cross, xcv; and stories heard of apparently antarctic regions, xcv; curiosity of the Sarnau Christians about Western Christendom; this may have awakened Varthema's desires for home and the abandonment of his false profession, xcvi; arrival at Java; a plea for the account of it given by Varthema against Mr. Crawfurd's condemnation; mutilated children, xcvii.
Return to Malacca and thence to Negapatam, and Calicut, xcviii; the
two Milanese gun-founders; Varthema's appearance as a physician, and as Imam ; his journey to Cannanore and escape into the Portuguese garrison, xcix.
Varthema present at the sea fight off Cannanore, c; employed as factor
at Cochin; in the attack on Ponani; his knighthood; remarks on the fanaticism and violence of the Portuguese.
Varthema finally quits India, ci; remarks on the rapid growth of the
Portuguese power in the East, and its rapid decay, cii ; their religious conquests have survived their temporal sovereignty, ciii; success of Roman Catholic mission in India greater than that of the Reformed churches, civ; remarks of Heber quoted.
Mozambique, cvi; summary of history of the Muhammedan settlements
