Descartes, Passions of the Soul, I-7.50 50 Ibid., I-10.
51 51 C. S. Sherrington, Man on his Nature, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1953), p. 151.
52 52 Descartes, Passions of the Soul, I-31.
53 53 Ibid., I-32, italics added.
54 54 Descartes, Treatise on Man, CSM I, p. 106; AT XI, 119.
55 55 Descartes, Optics, CSM I, p. 167; AT VI, 130.
56 56 There is some controversy as to whether Descartes considered the soul, a res cogitans, to be a part, i.e. the immortal part, of a human being or only a constituent substance. For discussion, see Appendix 3 below, pp. 511–12.
57 57 T. Willis, De anima brutorum (Thomas Dring, London, 1683). English translation by S. Pordage: Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes, which is that of the Vital and Sensitive of Man (Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, Gainesville, FL, 1971).
58 58 T. Willis, Cerebri anatome, cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus (Thomas Dring, London, 1681); for translation, see Tercentenary Facsimile Edition, The Anatomy of the Brain and Nerves, tr. S. Pordage, ed. William Feidel (McGill University Press, Montreal, 1965). Subsequent references in the text to this volume are flagged ‘ABN ’ followed by the page number.
59 59 Willis, Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes, pp. 43f.
60 60 Ibid.
61 61 J. Prochàska, ‘De functionibus systemis nervosi, et observationes anatomico-pathologicae’, in Adnotationum Academicarum (W. Gerle, Prague, 1784), tr. T. Laycock, as ‘A dissertation on the functions of the nervous system’, in Unzer and Procháska on the Nervous System (Sydenham Society, London, 1851), pp. 141–3.
62 62 D. Mistichelli, ‘Trattato dell’Apoplessia’ (Roma, A de Rossi alla Piazza di Ceri), tr. C. D. O’Malley, in E. Clarke and C. D. O’Malley, The Human Brain and Spinal Cord (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1968), pp. 282–3.
63 63 A. Stuart, Lecture III of the Croonian Lectures, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 40 (1739), p. 36.
64 64 R. Whytt, ‘An essay on the vital and other, involuntary, motions of animals’ (1751), repr. in A. Walker, Documents and Dates of Modern Discoveries in the Nervous System (1839), pp. 112– 22; facsimile ed. P. Cranfield (Scarecrow Reprint Corp., Metuchen, NJ, 1973).
65 65 Ibid., p. 120.
66 66 Procháska, ‘A dissertation’, p. 123.
67 67 Ibid., pp. 127–9.
68 68 For more detail, see Bennett, ‘Early history of the synapse’, pp. 103–5.
69 69 L. Galvani, ‘De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius’, De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Atrium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 7 (1791), pp. 363–418.
70 70 C. Bell, ‘Idea of a new anatomy of the brain; submitted for the observations of his friends’, repr. in G. Gordon-Taylor and E. W. Walls, Sir Charles Bell, His Life and Times (Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1958), pp. 218–31; idem, ‘On the nerves; giving an account of some experiments on their structure and functions, which lead to a new arrangement of the system’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 111 (1821), p. 398.
71 71 C. Bell, ‘On the functions of some parts of the brain, and on the relations between the brain and nerves of motion and sensation’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 124 (1834), pp. 471–83; idem, ‘Continuation of the paper on the relations between the nerves of motion and of sensation, and the brain; more particularly on the structure of the medulla oblongata and the spinal marrow’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 125 (1835), pp. 255–62.
72 72 F. Magendie, ‘Expériences sur les fonctions des racines des nerfs rachidiens’, Journal Physiologie expérimentale ct de pathologie, 3 (1822), pp. 276–9; repr. with trans. in Walker, Documents and Dates, pp. 88, 95.
73 73 Ibid., p. 91.
74 74 M. Hall, ‘On the reflex function of the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 123 (1833), pp. 635–65; idem, ‘These motions independent of sensation and volition’, Proceedings of the Committee of Science, Zoological Society, 27 Nov. 1832, repr. in Walker, Documents and Dates, p. 138.
75 75 M. Hall, ‘Synopsis of the diastaltic nervous system or the system of the spinal marrow and its reflex arcs, as the nervous agent in all the functions of ingestion and of egestion in the animal economy’, Croonian Lectures (Mallett, London, 1850).
76 76 M. Foster, A Textbook of Physiology (Macmillan, London, 1890), p. 912. The Cartesian roots of this conception of the spinal soul are here evident in its association with consciousness.
77 77 P. Broca, ‘Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du language articulé, suivies d’une observation d’aphémie (perte de la parole)’, Bulletins de la Société Anatomique (Paris), 6 (1861), pp. 330–57, 398–407; (tr. as ‘Remarks on the seat of the faculty of articulate language, followed by an observation of aphemia’, in G. von Bonin, Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1960), pp. 49–72.
78 78 M. J. P. Flourens, Recherches expérimentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés (Ballière, Paris, 1823).
