Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.10.22, quoted by D. Furley, ‘Aristotle the philosopher of nature’, in D. Furley (ed.), From Aristotle to Augustine, vol. iv of Routledge History of Philosophy (Routledge, London, 1999), p. 16. Note that Cicero must surely be mistaken in ascribing to Aristotle the view that the soul is made of anything.17 17 Galenus, Hippocratis de natura hominis commentaria III, In Hippocratis de victu acutorum commentaria IV, De diaeta Hippocratis in morbis acutis, ed. J. Mewaldt (Teubner, Berlin/Leipzig, 1914), p. 70, 5–6.
18 18 H. Von Staden, Herophilus (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989), pp. 155–6.
19 19 Ibid. T 77a & 77b.
20 20 Galen, ‘On the use of the parts ’ 8.11 (III 665.7K = I. pp. 482–4. Helmrich = Herophilus Frs 77a & 78. Von Staden).
21 21 Ibid.
22 22 ‘De partibus corporis humani ’, p. 185, 5–6. Daremberg – Ruells; T81 Herophilus. Fr.125 Von Steden.
23 23 F. D. Retief and L. Colliers, ‘The nervous system in antiquity’, The South African Medical Journal, 98, no. 10 (2008), pp. 768–72. H. Von Staden, Herophilus (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989), pp. 159–206, 248, 314.
24 24 M. R. Bennett, History of the Synapse (Taylor, London, 2001).
25 25 C. Galen, Du Movement des muscles, sect. I, ch. 1, French translation by C. Daremberg, in Oeuvres anatomiques, physiologiques et médicales de Galen (Ballière, Paris, 1854–6), vol. 2, p. 323.
26 26 For further detail, see M. R. Bennett, ‘The early history of the synapse: from Plato to Sherrington’, Brain Research Bulletin, 50 (1999), pp. 95–118.
27 27 C. Galen, Des Lieux affectés, sect. IV, ch. 3, tr. Daremberg in Oeuvres, vol. 2, p. 590; C. Galen, Utilité de parties du corps, sect. IX, chs 13–14, tr. Daremberg in Oeuvres, vol. 1, pp. 593–7; see also W. H. L. Duckworth, Galen on Anatomical Procedures, ed. M. C. Lyons and B. Towers (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1962), pp. 22–6.
28 28 C. Galen, Utilité de parties du corps, sect. IX, ch. 14, tr. Daremberg in Oeuvres, vol. 1, pp. 597f.
29 29 C. Galen, Hippocrates librum de alimento commentarius, sect. III, ch.1, in K. G. Kühn (ed.), Opera Omnia Claudii Galeni (Cnobloch, Leipzig, 1821–33), vol. 15, p. 257.
30 30 C. Galen, De Symptomatum Differentis, sect. VII, in Kühn (ed.), Opera Omnia, vol. 7, pp. 55–6.
31 31 C. Galen, Utilité de parties du corps, sect. VIII, ch. 6, tr. Daremberg in Oeuvres, vol. 1, pp. 541–3.
32 32 C. Galen, Des Lieux affectés, sect. IV, ch. 3, tr. Daremberg in Oeuvres, vol. 2, p. 590.
33 33 Nemesius, ‘The nature of man’, in Cyril of Jerusalem and Nemesius of Emesa, tr. and ed. William Telfer (Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1955), pp. 341–2.
34 34 Presumably by ‘imagination’ here Nemesius means sensibility.
35 35 Nemesius, ‘Nature of man’, pp. 321 and 331f.
36 36 F. Rahman, Avicenna’ s Psychology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 31.
37 37 A. L. Benton and R. Joynt, ‘Early descriptions of aphasia’, Archives of Neurology, 3 (1960), pp. 205–22. See also Antonio Guainerio’ s Opera medica (Antonio de Carcano, Pavia, 1481).
38 38 A. Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (Basel, 1543), bk. VII, ch. i, p. 623.
39 39 W. Singer, Vesalius on the Human Brain (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 40.
40 40 J. Fernel, De naturali parte medicinae (Simon de Colines, Paris, 1542); see Physiologia, bk. II, Praefatio.
41 41 Aquinas, capitalizing on Aristotle’s obscure remarks about the active intellect, argued that ‘the intellectual principle which is called the mind or intellect has an operation through itself (per se) in which the body does not participate. Nothing, however, can operate through itself (per se) unless it subsists through itself, for activity belongs to a being in act … Consequently, the human soul, which is called the intellect or mind, is something incorporeal and subsisting’ (Summa Theologiae I, 76, 1).
42 42 For a discussion of Aquinas’s philosophy of psychology, see A. J. P. Kenny, Aquinas on Mind (Routledge, London, 1993).
43 43 Fernel, Physiologia, bk. VI, ch. 13.
44 44 Ibid., bk. IX, ch. 8, p. 109a.
45 45 Descartes, Principles of Philosophy, I-9. Repr. in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 1, tr. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985), p. 195. Subsequent page references to this translation will be abbreviated ‘CSM’. References to the canonical Oeuvres de Descartes, ed. Ch. Adam and P. Tannery, rev. edn (Paris: Vrin/C. N. R. S., 1964–76) will be given in the form ‘AT’ followed by volume and page numbers – here AT VIII A, 7. Other references are given by section number.
46 46 Descartes, Optics, CSM I, pp. 152–75; AT VI, 81–146.
47 47 Bennett, ‘Early history of the synapse’.
48 48 Descartes, Treatise
