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accelerated, creating an ava...Figure 2.22 Mean free path is the mean distance a particle (electron) travel...Figure 2.23 Sulfur hexafluoride has twice the collision diameter of nitrogen...Figure 2.24 Increasing the gas design by six times has a large impact on red...Figure 2.25 A void in a solid insulator will cause a local field enhancement...Figure 2.26 World‐wide installed GISFigure 2.27 Comparison of the GIS serviceFigure 2.28 Single‐ and three‐phase designs of GISFigure 2.29 GIS maintenance strategiesFigure 2.30 Failure distribution on voltage levelsFigure 2.31 Indoor and outdoor GIS failure distributionFigure 2.32 GIS component failure distributionFigure 2.33 Failure numbers of GIS related to ageFigure 2.34 Comparison of the failure rates of the GIS and AISFigure 2.35 Ladders and platforms in GISFigure 2.36 Gas density monitoring indicatorFigure 2.37 UHF antenna connector for PD monitoringFigure 2.38 Compensation of thermal expansion. (a) Thermal expansion between...Figure 2.39 Direct cable connection to GIS at 110 kV and single‐phase insula...Figure 2.40 View of a typical floor inside a GIS buildingFigure 2.41 Ground/earth connection of GIS using bolts or a steel bar (Halfe...Figure 2.42 Three‐phase GIS enclosure currentsFigure 2.43 Single‐phase GIS enclosure currentsFigure 2.44 Circuit breaker and GIS bay groundingFigure 2.45 BuildingsFigure 2.46 SF6 gas‐to‐cable connectionsFigure 2.47 Steel structuresFigure 2.48 Molecular structure of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)Figure 2.49 Greenhouse effectFigure 2.50 Arc current of SF6, with SF6 gas‐to‐air gas mixture and airFigure 2.51 SF6 sales by end use of 2003Figure 2.52 Reduction of the use of SF6 Figure 2.53 SF6 handling and recovering processesFigure 2.54 Reuse program of SF6 for normal and special casesFigure 2.55 Closed loop handling symbolFigure 2.56 SF6 purifying on‐siteFigure 2.57 SF6 recycling to ASTM D2472 [65] new gasFigure 2.58 Reuse program – exceptional caseFigure 2.59 Incineration of SF6 Figure 2.60 Commissioning or recommissioning of SF6 Figure 2.61 For topping‐up of SF6 Figure 2.62 SF6 refilling of SF6 Figure 2.63 Moisture content/dew point of SF6 Figure 2.64 Measurement of SF6 Figure 2.65 Quantity of reactive gaseous of SF6 Figure 2.66 Sampling and shipment of SF6 Figure 2.67 Recovery and reclaiming of nonarced and/or normally arced of SF6 Figure 2.68 Heavily arced of SF6 Figure 2.69 End‐of‐life disposal of SF6 Figure 2.70 EPA Memorandum of UnderstandingFigure 2.71 Gas‐control scheme (e.g., with information about volume and pres...Figure 2.72 Training of SF6 handlingFigure 2.73 General purpose SF6 reclaimer of SF6 Figure 2.74 Filter types of SF6 Figure 2.75 Equipment for SF6 measurement of SF6 Figure 2.76 Sniffing device of SF6 Figure 2.77 Density meter of SF6 Figure 2.78 Small equipment for Evacuation, Filling and Refilling of SF6 Figure 2.79 Large equipment for evacuation, filling and refilling of SF6 Figure 2.80 Storage of SF6 Figure 2.81 Gas recovery of SF6 for a small and a large enclosureFigure 2.82 Measuring protocol of gas recovery of SF6 Figure 2.83 Energy supply without/with SF6 technology – city of WürzburgFigure 2.84 AIS and GIS network structuresFigure 2.85 Result of environmental impact of AIS and GIS solutionsFigure 2.86 Kyoto Protocol – change from 2008 to 2012 in comparison to 1990...Figure 2.87 145 kV SF6 GIS with 7 baysFigure 2.88 Impression on the influence of high GWP values: 1200 beech trees...Figure 2.89 SF6 emission
