test set up for high‐voltage test using SF6 Figure 2.91 GIS installation with SF6 filling on‐siteFigure 2.92 Use of SF6 in a closed cycle for the complete life cycle of GIS ...Figure 2.93 Characteristics of different alternative gases for GISFigure 2.94 170 kV GIS air‐insulated circuit breaker in an air insulation de...Figure 2.95 Left: 72/84 kV dead tank VI circuit breaker with synthetic air i...Figure 2.96 145 kV live tank VI circuit breaker with N2 insulation, 2010Figure 2.97 Left: 170 kV GIS with flouroketone for the circuit breaker and f...Figure 2.98 Left: 145 kV GIS using flouronitrile for insulation including th...Figure 2.99 Transition from only SF6 to multiple gasesFigure 2.100 Insulating gases used in transmission (left of line) and distri...Figure 2.101 Typical Outdoor AIS substation (Source [96])Figure 2.102 Typical Dead Tank Compact Switchgear (DTC) components. 1. Bushi...Figure 2.103 Cross section and physical assembly of 363kV GIS Figure 2.104 Space savings using GIS instead of AIS Figure 2.105 GIS substation under a park in a city centerFigure 2.106 GIS substation within a historical building in the old part of ...Figure 2.107 330 kV indoor GIS substation at −50 °C (−58°) F outdoor tempera...Figure 2.108 Typical AIS equipment installation Figure 2.109 GIS installation by a complete bay Figure 2.110 Reduction of SF6 GIS from the year 1970 until 2016 for a model ...Figure 2.111 GIS installation in architecturally enhanced building (Used wit...Figure 2.112 Coaxial design principal of gas‐insulated switchgear, r c = rad...3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Steel encapsulated GISFigure 3.2 Straight conductor graphicFigure 3.3 Three‐phase bus barFigure 3.4 Classic three‐phase cross section of a 72.5–170 kV GIS and a phot...Figure 3.5 Three‐phase circuit breaker enclosure up to 72.5 kVFigure 3.6 Three‐position, three‐phase encapsulated switch (a) four flange e...Figure 3.7 Three‐phase encapsulated high‐speed ground switch (a) enclosure w...Figure 3.8 Three‐phase encapsulated voltage transformer of 145 kV (a) enclos...Figure 3.9 Three‐phase encapsulated current transformer of 145 kV, (a) enclo...Figure 3.10 Three‐phase overhead line connection moduleFigure 3.11 Three‐phase overhead line connection module (cross section)Figure 3.12 Three‐phase (3a) and single phase (3b) encapsulated cable connec...Figure 3.13 Three‐phase encapsulated surge arrestersFigure 3.14 Three‐phase encapsulated bus bar for upto145 kV, (a) enclosure w...Figure 3.15 Typical GIS modules of single‐phase encapsulation of 245 kV and ...Figure 3.16 Circuit breaker single‐phase encapsulated module for 245 kV and ...Figure 3.17 Disconnector and ground single‐phase encapsulated switch of 245 ...Figure 3.18 Load‐break disconnector single‐phase encapsulated switch of 245 ...Figure 3.19 Current transformer module (a) cut open module with conductor, s...Figure 3.20 Voltage transformer moduleFigure 3.21 Progress of GIS development of a 145 kV GIS for size, space, and...Figure 3.22 Field experiences – feedback for the developmentFigure 3.23 Typical GIS factoryFigure 3.24 Vacuum testing of insulatorsFigure 3.25 Electrode preparation of insulatorsFigure 3.26 Conical gastight insulatorsFigure 3.27 Casting resin equipment for operation rods and tubesFigure 3.28 Machinery of operation rods and tubesFigure 3.29 Machinery center for enclosuresFigure 3.30 Cleaning and degreasing of enclosuresFigure 3.31 Test equipment for routine pressure and gas tightness test of en...Figure 3.32 Enclosures ready for routine tests of pressure and gas tightness...Figure 3.33 Hydro pressure test of enclosuresFigure 3.34 Painting of enclosuresFigure 3.35 Preassembly of a circuit breaker with capacitor and resistorFigure 3.36 Preassembly of a hydraulic drive of a circuit breakerFigure 3.37 Final assembly hallFigure 3.38 Typical detailed one‐line diagram of a single bay of GISFigure 3.39 GIS circuit breakerFigure 3.40 Typical coupling contact arrangementFigure 3.41 Typical disconnect switch enclosure arrangementFigure 3.42 Typical maintenance grounding switch enclosure arrangementFigure 3.43 Typical fast‐acting grounding switch enclosure arrangementFigure 3.44 Typical gas zone diagram for one GIS bayFigure 3.45 Typical current transformer assemblyFigure 3.46 Typical inductive voltage transformer assemblyFigure 3.47 Typical single‐phase metal‐enclosed surge arrester assemblyFigure 3.48 Typical SF6 gas‐to‐air bushing assemblyFigure 3.49 Typical GIS to cable connection assemblyFigure 3.50 Typical GIB connection assemblyFigure 3.51 Typical expansion joint assemblyFigure 3.52 Typical transformer termination module arrangementFigure 3.53 Three‐phase insulated current transformer for up to 145 kV (a) e...Figure 3.54 Single‐phase insulated current transformer of 245 kV (a) enclosu...Figure 3.55 Three‐phase voltage transformer for voltages up to 145 kV (a) en...Figure 3.56 Single‐phase insulated voltage transformer for voltages of 245 k...Figure 3.57 Typical direct connection between a power transformer and GIS fo...Figure 3.58 Typical standard dimensions for a typical direct connection betw...Figure 3.59 Typical standard orientation of fixing holes (Simplified drawing...Figure 3.60 Fluid‐filled cable connection assembly – typical arrangement. (S...Figure 3.61 Fluid‐filled cable connection – typical assembly dimensions. (Si...Figure 3.62 Dry type cable connection assembly – typical arrangement. (Simpl...Figure 3.63 Dry type cable connection assembly – typical assembly dimensions...Figure 3.64 Cable termination three‐phase GIS enclosure 69 kV GIS, 1380kcmil...Figure 3.65 345kV Transmission Line transition to the 4000 A, 50 kA gas insu...Figure 3.66 345kV gas insulated Transmission Line (GIL) transition to the 40...Figure 3.67 Gas‐insulated surge arresters connected directly to the GIS bus...Figure 3.68 Three‐phase insulated passive bus ductFigure 3.69 Three‐phase insulated active bus ductFigure 3.70 Single‐phase insulated bus duct on the craneFigure 3.71 Single‐phase insulated passive bus ductFigure 3.72 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to overhead lines out...Figure 3.73 Single‐phase insulated bus duct to connect overhead lines with w...Figure 3.74 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to overhead lines wit...Figure 3.75 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to circuit breakers...Figure 3.76 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to transformersFigure 3.77 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to cablesFigure 3.78 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to cables with overvo...Figure 3.79 Single‐phase insulated bus duct to underpass overhead lines insi...Figure 3.80 Single‐phase insulated bus duct to underpass overhead lines outs...Figure 3.81 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installed at low st...Figure 3.82 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation at hig...Figure 3.83 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation with d...Figure 3.84 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation at con...Figure 3.85 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation at con...Figure 3.86 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation to cro...Figure 3.87 Single‐phase insulated bus duct laid in a trench inside a substa...Figure 3.88 Single‐phase insulated bus duct laid in a trench outside a subst...Figure 3.89 Single‐phase insulated bus duct laid in a trench crossing a high...Figure 3.90 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a horizont...Figure 3.91 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a horizont...Figure 3.92 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a horizont...Figure 3.93 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a tunnel a...Figure 3.94 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a vertical...Figure 3.95 Single‐phase insulated bus duct single system directly buried wi...Figure 3.96 Single‐phase insulated bus duct two‐phase test loop directly bur...Figure 3.97 Single‐phase insulated bus duct single‐phase test section direct...Figure 3.98 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double‐phase system directly bur...Figure 3.99 An 18‐m bus section being unloaded at the siteFigure 3.100 Final assembly of a 550 kV field joint. Locating pins are used ...Figure 3.101 Example of typical GIS architectures with gas zones of single b...Figure 3.102 Example of GIS diameter and bay in a breaker‐and‐a‐half scheme...Figure 3.103 Example of arrangement of enclosures and gas compartments
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Gas density
