d="ua9a8795a-a899-5b1e-9404-47b76cad0f04">
Table of Contents
1 Cover
5 Preface
8 1 Obesity 1 Obesity – Introduction Obesity as a public health problem Lower limits of BMIs in non‐Caucasians? Morbidity burden starts at much lower BMIs Obesity epidemic starts in the early 1980s The global epidemic gets underway Abdominal obesity Different regional societal burdens of obesity with abdominal obesity Historical analyses of contributors to obesity The burden of obesity The economic impact of excess weight gain Conclusions References 2 The Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Obesity Introduction Defining excess body fat Adult obesity Childhood obesity Global obesity Social determinants of obesity Conclusions References
9 2 Causes of Obesity 3 Fetal and Infant Origins of Obesity Background Assessing obesity in children Conceptual frameworks Study designs Developmental risk factors Biology and mechanisms Estimating population attributable risks Implications for policy and practice Acknowledgments References 4 Genes and Obesity Introduction Historical perspective Gene–environment interactions Evidence for the heritability of fat mass Adoption studies Twin studies Pleiotropic obesity syndromes Prader–Willi syndrome Albright hereditary osteodystrophy Bardet–Biedl syndrome Molecular mechanisms involved in energy homeostasis Rodent models of obesity Leptin–melanocortin pathway Monogenic obesity syndromes affecting the leptin‐melanocortin pathway Response to leptin therapy Leptin receptor deficiency POMC deficiency Prohormone convertase 1 deficiency MC4R deficiency Conclusions References 5 Bias, Stigma, and Social Consequences of Obesity Social consequences for adults Social consequences for youth Impact of weight stigma on health Interventions to prevent and reduce weight stigma Conclusion References 6 Ecology, Protein Leverage, and Public Health
