href="#ulink_125823b3-dbd4-5bc4-8dc2-e86e19de6600">Introduction
An ecological view of nutrition
Human macronutrient regulation
Human nutritional ecology
Bringing it all together: complex systems
Conclusions
References
7 The Living Environment and Physical Activity
From the environment to behaviors to obesity
Physical activity and health
Physical activity and weight gain
Spatial variation in obesity
Measuring attributes of the built environment
Relations between the built environment, physical activity, and obesity
Research trends
Changes in the urban environment
Conclusion
References
8 Psychobiology of Obesity
Setting the scene
Can obesity be managed through behavior change?
Complex bio‐cultural system of appetite control
The bio‐behavioral appetite system: tonic and episodic processes
The satiety cascade: homeostatic and hedonic processes
Individual variation in susceptibility to overconsumption: phenotypes for appetite control
Satiety responsiveness and the low satiety phenotype
Sensitivity to food reward
Compensation in response to exercise
Implications for the treatment and prevention of obesity and future directions
Closing comments
References
9 Energy Balance and Body Weight Homeostasis
Introduction
Basic concepts and principles in human energetics
Control of food intake
Autoregulatory adjustments in energy expenditure
Integrating intake and expenditure
References
10 3 Obesity as a Disease 10 Obesity, Ectopic Fat and Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Epidemiology Not all fat is the same Metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy lean Pathogenesis of visceral and ectopic fat accumulation Factors affecting body fat distribution Linking ectopic fat accumulation to diabetes How can we measure VAT and ectopic fat Therapy Conclusion References 11 Obesity and Dyslipidemia, Importance of Body Fat Distribution Introduction Limitations to fat storage Hyperlipidemia in relation to adiposity The dynamics and difference of adipose tissue depot functions in the body in relation to hyperlipidemia Associations between plasma lipids and lipoproteins and discrete fat depots References 12 Obesity and Fertility Introduction References 13 Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Fatty Liver Disease Introduction Pathogenesis of MS Pathogenesis and clinical implications of MAFLD Association between MS and MAFLD Pathological link between MAFLD and MS Inflammation, linked with MS, is the main determinant in progression from NAFLD to NASH Increased inflow of FFAs and de novo hepatic lipogenesis are the main determinants of MAFLD Oxidative and ER stresses are involved in the association between MS and MAFLD Adiponectin, a critical link between MS and MAFLD Role of gut microbiota in the crosstalk between MAFLD and MS Association of sarcopenia with MS and MAFLD
