OF TIME‐LAPSE OFFSET VSP DATA
8.6. TIME‐LAPSE RESERVOIR CHANGE
8.7. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 Reverse Time Migration of Time‐Lapse Walkaway VSP Data for Monitoring CO2 Injection at the SACROC CO2 ‐EOR Field
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. WALKAWAY VSP DATA RECORDED AT SACROC FIELD
9.3. STATICS CORRECTION AND AMPLITUDE BALANCING
9.4. RTM IMAGING
9.5. DISCUSSION
9.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 Least‐Squares Reverse‐Time Migration for Reservoir Imaging at the Cranfield CO2 ‐EOR Field
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.2. LEAST‐SQUARES REVERSE‐TIME MIGRATION
10.3. LEAST‐SQUARES REVERSE‐TIME MIGRATION OF VSP DATA
10.4. DISCUSSION
10.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 Quantifying Changes of Subsurface Geophysical Properties Using Double‐Difference Seismic‐Waveform Inversion
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. METHODOLOGY
11.3. DOUBLE‐DIFFERENCE WAVEFORM INVERSION WITH A PRIORI INFORMATION
11.4. DOUBLE‐DIFFERENCE WAVEFORM INVERSION WITH THE MODIFIED TOTAL‐VARIATION REGULARIZATION
11.5. RESULTS
11.6. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
12 Multicomponent Seismic Data and Joint Inversion
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. BACKGROUND: USES AND LIMITATIONS OF MULTICOMPONENT SEISMIC DATA
12.3. INFORMATION CONTENT OF MULTICOMPONENT DATA
12.4. DIRECT DETECTION OF FRACTURING WITH SEISMIC DATA
12.5. JOINT INVERSION OF MULTICOMPONENT SEISMIC DATA FOR SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
12.6. KEVIN DOME CASE STUDY OF QUADRI‐JOINT INVERSION
12.7. APPLICATION OF JOINT INVERSION TO CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DUPEROW CO2‐BEARING ZONE AT KEVIN DOME
12.8. DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
13 Tracking Subsurface Supercritical CO2 Using Advanced Reflection Seismic and Well Log‐Based Workflows Incorporating Fluid Density and Pore Pressure Effects
13.1. INTRODUCTION
13.2. PETROPHYSICAL MODEL
13.3. METHODS
13.4. RESULTS
13.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 Part III: Subsurface Nonseismic Monitoring 14 Monitoring Carbon Storage Sites With Time‐Lapse Gravity Surveys 14.1. INTRODUCTION 14.2. GRAVITY ANOMALIES INDUCED BY CO2 INJECTION 14.3. GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS 14.4. MODELING GRAVITY ANOMALY ASSOCIATED WITH A CO2 PLUME 14.5. DEPLOYMENT OF GRAVITY SURVEYS: COST AND DESIGN 14.6. TIME‐LAPSE GRAVITY MONITORING ON CCS SITES: REAL CASE STUDIES 14.7. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 15 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electromagnetic Techniques for CO2 Monitoring 15.1. INTRODUCTION 15.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) 15.3. ROCK PROPERTIES AND RESISTIVITY 15.4. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES 15.5. MODELS FOR SIMPLE RESISTIVE BODIES 15.6. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ELECTRICAL AND EM TECHNIQUES IN DETECTING RESISTORS 15.7. MONITORING OF SHALLOW CO2 LEAKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 16 Monitoring
