Predicting Heart Failure. Группа авторов

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       Aisha A-Mohannadi, Jayakanth Kunhoth, Al Anood Najeeb, Somaya Al-Maadeed and Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni

      2.1 Introduction

      The heart is the most essential organ of the human body located at the center of the chest in between the lungs and is mainly responsible for pumping blood across the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. The blood is pumped through a network of arteries, delivering oxygenated blood and other nutrients to different cells of the body. The two large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) carry carbon dioxide as well as other metabolic waste products to the lungs for purification via pulmonary arteries. Unhealthy life habits may lead to high blood pressure and cholesterol which may affect the proper functioning of the heart thus causing serious heart diseases. The unhealthy life habits which can affect the heart’s health are a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, overweight or obesity, poor eating habits, and excessive alcohol consumption. Smoking can raise the heart rate, tighten arteries, and cause irregular heart rhythm. Moreover, smoking can lead to atherosclerosis, where fat and cholesterol are deposited in the arteries. The deposit of fat and cholesterol is called plaque. This plaque narrows the arteries and blocks the blood flow. A sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits can lead to overweight or obesity and high levels of bad cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to hypertension as well as the formation of plaque in arteries. Excessive drinking of alcohol can elevate blood pressure and weaken the heart’s muscles. Elevated blood pressure and weakened muscles can cause stroke or heart failure. Apart from unhealthy habits, congenital disorders can also affect the proper working of the heart and even cause mortality. Heart diseases such as coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, and cardiomyopathy can often result in cardiac arrest leading finally to death. Having a well-balanced diet, proper medication, and early diagnosis of symptoms at an early stage can greatly reduce the chances of getting heart disease.

      The physician or cardiologist initially explores the patient’s family history, past medical history, and lifestyle along with examining the symptoms being experienced by the patient. Further examination includes inspection of cyanosis (bluish discoloration commonly found in nails), and scrutiny of faces to look for unexpected color changes and movement of the eyeballs. The examination is then extended to check blood pressure and perform blood tests, along with advanced procedures including electrocardiography,

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