muon ...Figure 2.5 Reconstructed density images with a checkerboard structure of a h...Figure 2.6 Reconstructed density images with a checkerboard structure of a v...Figure 2.7 Reconstructed E–W density profiles along the dashed line in Fig. ...Figure 2.8 Reconstructed vertical density profile with a checkerboard struct...Figure 2.9 Reconstructed density images with the two‐cylinder structure of a...Figure 2.10 Reconstructed E–W density profile with the two‐cylinder structur...3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (Left) Gravity observation. The white instrument in front of the ...Figure 3.2 (a) Geometrical relationship between the gravitational, centrifug...Figure 3.3 The free‐air gravity anomaly can be decomposed into the three ter...Figure 3.4 Schematic illustration of linear joint inversion of muography and...Figure 3.5 Three‐dimensional representation of density distribution inside S...Figure 3.6 2D density map of Showa‐Shinzan lava dome derived from muography ...Figure S3.1 Geometry of a rectangular prism and its gravitational attraction...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The data flow diagram of MWPC‐based Muography Observation System....Figure 4.2 Three muograms captured by MWPC‐based Muography Observation Syste...Figure 4.3 Average muon flux values are plotted with 1σ standard deviat...Figure 4.4 Averaged relative flux values for eruption days and the two days ...Figure 4.5 (a) Cross‐validation scores of support vector machine are plotted...Figure 4.6 Receiver operating characteristic curve for neural network. The c...Figure 4.7 The schematic diagram of muographic image processing with convolu...Figure 4.8 Receiver operating characteristic curve of convolutional neural n...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Main structures of the La Soufrière lava dome with sensor emplace...Figure 5.2 View of a field telescope in maintenance on La Soufrière at the R...Figure 5.3 Minimum acquisition time T min versus the average measured flux Φ0 Figure 5.4 Example of upward flux correction in a muography of La Soufrière ...Figure 5.5 Main electrically conductive structures found with 3D ERT of La S...Figure 5.6 Horizontal slices of a 3D density model at various altitudes with...Figure 5.7 Time variations of vent temperature (in degrees Celsius) and seis...Figure 5.8 Characteristics of the temperature cycles identified (separated b...Figure 5.9 Location of the seismic noise source volume. The yellow body repr...Figure 5.10 Time variations of the muon flux across different domains of the...Figure 5.11 Conceptual view of the destabilization process as documented by ...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Stromboli island. The location of the muon detector is indicated ...Figure 6.2 Main features of the crater terrace in (a) 2008 and (b) 2012 (Qui...Figure 6.3 (a) Image of the southwest (SWC), central (CC), and northeast (NE...Figure 6.4 The detector installed at the site located at ~ 640 m above the s...Figure 6.5 Synthetic representation of the data collected at Stromboli, supp...Figure 6.6 Example of Misfit deformation data‐model analysis considering GBI...Figure 6.7 (a) Time evolution of the STRA station (see location at Fig. 6.1)...Figure 6.8 Comparison between the muon flux (a) and the relative variation o...Figure 6.9 Summary plot of GBInSar (deformation sources, white ellipse), sei...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Detail (a) and wide view (b) of the fracture system at Mount Etna...Figure 7.2 Summit craters map created with MATLAB from a 10 m resolution Dig...Figure 7.3 The telescope placed on the slope of Etna Northeast crater in Oct...Figure 7.4 A sketch of the MEV telescope, made by three tracking planes, seg...Figure 7.5 Assembly of a telescope tracking plane at DFA. (a) It is possible...Figure 7.6 Comparison between theoretical (top panel) and corrected acceptan...Figure 7.7 A front‐end (FE) board equipped with a Hamamatsu H8500 64 channel...Figure 7.8 2017 muography of Mount Etna northeast crater. The image shows a ...Figure 7.9 Same as Fig. 7.8, but with 2018 data.Figure 7.10 Same as Fig. 7.8, but with 2019 data.Figure 7.11 Example of the procedure to determine the target object profile ...Figure 7.12 2019 muography of Mount Etna northeast crater with the applicati...Figure 7.13 (a) N (red) counts of muon particle flux incoming from the targe...Figure 7.14 Overall (blue) and filtered (green) Δt distributions for data ac...Figure 7.15 Picture of the inner flanks of the NEC (December 2017). In the c...Figure 7.16 (a) Sulfuric sublimates incrustating a degassing fracture at the...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 (a) A photograph of Sakurajima volcano with the Sakurajima Muogra...Figure 8.2 An illustration of the explosive eruptions of Sakurajima volcano ...Figure 8.3 The daily number of eruptions are shown for Minamidake crater fro...Figure 8.4 (a) The photograph of five MWPC‐based tracking systems in the Sak...Figure 8.5 The survival rates of muons through the MMOS are shown as a funct...Figure 8.6 (a) Simulated penetration ratios of 1 TeV and 10 TeV muons throug...Figure 8.7 The calculated effective temperatures (filled circles) are shown ...Figure 8.8 The calculated fluxes are plotted as a function of elevation (tan...Figure 8.9 The absolute densities measured through the crater region of Saku...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Instrumental measurements from 1843 to 1858 (various authors). It...Figure 9.2 The upper part of Vesuvius. (a) Evolution of Vesuvius crater betw...Figure 9.3 First detector installed at Vesuvius in 2009. (a) The muon detect...Figure 9.4 MURAVES Laboratory positioned in the National Park of Vesuvius in...Figure 9.5 Position of the MURAVES Laboratory at Vesuvius, about 640 m above...Figure 9.6 Sketch of the hodoscope installed in the MURAVES Laboratory at Ve...Figure 9.7 Picture of hodoscope installed in the MURAVES Laboratory at Vesuv...Figure 9.8 Vesuvius thickness distribution in (α, ϕ) coordinates, ...Figure 9.9 Expected muon flux in function of particle direction (α, ϕ...Figure 9.10 Expected muon transmission through Mt. Vesuvius. The bin size is...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Blue zones indicate the presence of carbonate rocks in the Medit...Figure 10.2 Conceptual south–north cross‐section of the southern flank of Al...Figure 10.3 Comparison between different types of geological and geophysical...Figure 10.4 Different technologies for cosmic ray measurements used at the L...Figure 10.5 Flux differences linked to rock density contrasts for a detector...Figure 10.6 Muographic devices at the LSBB: (a) liquid scintillators; (b) MU...Figure 10.7 Schematic cross‐section of the MUST2 detector to illustrate its ...Figure 10.8 (a) Map of the Buissonnière area with location of muon dete...Figure 10.9 Muon density measured in September 2018 (a) and density change i...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) The gain dependence on the distance between the pad‐plane an...Figure 11.2 (a) Schematics of the PIC32 micro‐controller based data acquisit...Figure 11.3 (a) Photo of a RaspberryPi micro computer‐based data acquisition...Figure 11.4 (a) Reference measurements at two locations of the Jánossy under...Figure 11.5 (a) Location of the muograph in the Ajándék cave system; known c...Figure 11.6 (a) Photographs of the used muography tracker in natural cave. (...Figure 11.7 Results from the Királylaki cave. (a) With axes as angle from th...Figure 11.8 The
