response for fifth‐order HPF.Figure 8.40 Simulated fifth‐order HPF.Figure 8.41 Simulation results for fifth‐order LPF.Figure 8.42 LPF component to BPF component transformation.Figure 8.43 LPF prototype circuit to BPF transformation.Figure 8.44 Attenuation response for four‐section BPF.Figure 8.45 Simulated four‐section BPF.Figure 8.46 Simulation results for four‐section BPF.Figure 8.47 LPF component to BSF component transformation.Figure 8.48 Transmission line model.Figure 8.49 T network equivalent circuit.Figure 8.50 T network representation with transmission lines.Figure 8.51 (a) High impedance transformation of T network; (b) low impedanc...Figure 8.52 Three‐section SIR bandpass filter.Figure 8.53 Triple band bandpass filter using SIR bandpass filters.Figure 8.54 Coupling schemes: (a) improved coupling scheme; (b) conventional...Figure 8.55 Equivalent circuit of parallel coupled lines.Figure 8.56 General setup for implementation of a microstrip edge‐coupled ba...Figure 8.57 Low pass prototype circuit for bandpass filter.Figure 8.58 Bandpass filter with final lumped element component values.Figure 8.59 Bandpass filter simulation results with Ansoft Designer.Figure 8.60 Bandpass filter simulation results with MATLAB.Figure 8.61 Simulated edge‐coupled microstrip circuit with Sonnet.Figure 8.62 Edge‐coupled bandpass filter simulation results with Sonnet.Figure 8.63 End‐coupled microstrip bandpass filter.Figure 8.64 Capacitive‐gap equivalent circuit.Figure 8.65 Layout of microstrip gap for Sonnet simulation.Figure 8.66 Low pass filter prototype.Figure 8.67 Equivalent circuit bandpass filter.Figure 8.68 Equivalent bandpass filter schematic.Figure 8.69 Insertion loss of the equivalent bandpass filter.Figure 8.70 Cg vs. gap length from simulation.Figure 8.71 Cp vs. gap length from simulation.Figure 8.72 Simulation of end‐coupled microstrip bandpass filter.Figure 8.73 Simulation results for end‐coupled microstrip bandpass filter us...Figure 8.74 (a) Typical tapped combline filter; (b) tapped combline equivale...Figure 8.75 Microstrip layout of circuit.Figure 8.76 Transmission line equivalent circuit.Figure 8.77 Network representation of circuit: (a) the two sets of coupled l...Figure 8.78 General coupled line case where the lines are excited from a com...Figure 8.79 Overall excitation circuit for even‐ and odd‐mode analysis.Figure 8.80 Even‐mode excitation circuit.Figure 8.81 Odd‐mode excitation circuit.Figure 8.82 CRLH TLs: (a) unit cell RH TL; (b) unit cell left‐handed transmi...Figure 8.83 Seventh‐order normalized LPF for Chebyshev response.Figure 8.84 Attenuation response of seventh‐order Chebyshev LPF.Figure 8.85 Simulated seventh‐order Chebyshev LPF.Figure 8.86 Simulation result for seventh‐order Chebyshev LPF with 0.5 dB ri...Figure 8.87 Attenuation profile for step impedance filter.Figure 8.88 Simulated step impedance LPF structure.Figure 8.89 Simulation results for step impedance LPF structure with Sonnet....Figure 8.90 Step impedance filter is implemented.Figure 8.91 Measured results for step impedance filter.Figure 8.92 Layout of the triple band bandpass filter.Figure 8.93 The constructed triple band tri‐section bandpass filter using SI...Figure 8.94 Measured and simulation results for insertion loss and return lo...Figure 8.95 Filter performance in the first frequency band.Figure 8.96 Filter performance in the second frequency band.Figure 8.97 Filter performance in the third frequency band.Figure 8.98 Coupling effect between SIR bandpass filters on insertion loss u...Figure 8.99 Effect of coupling in the first frequency band for tri‐section t...Figure 8.100 Effect of coupling in the second frequency band for tri‐section...Figure 8.101 Effect of coupling in the third frequency band for tri‐section ...Figure 8.102 Coupling effect between SIR bandpass filters for return loss up...Figure 8.103 MATLAB GUI to calculate design parameters.Figure 8.104 Dual band bandpass filter using CRLH TLs.Figure 8.105 PCB layout.Figure 8.106 Filter prototype.Figure 8.107 Sixty‐mil FR4 bandpass, S21 (red line), S11 (blue line).Figure 8.108 One‐mil Pyralux bandpass, S21 (red line), S11 (blue line).Figure 8.109 Measurement setup for filter response.Figure 8.110 Sixty‐mil FR4 bandpass insertion loss.Figure 8.111 Design Challenge 8.1.9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Geometry of the rectangular waveguide.Figure 9.2 Geometry of the rectangular waveguide filled with transversely ma...Figure 9.3 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes.Figure 9.4 Permeability parameters versus magnetic field intensity for vario...Figure 9.5 Permeability parameters versus magnetic field intensity for vario...Figure 9.6 Permeability parameters versus magnetic field intensity for vario...Figure 9.7 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes for...Figure 9.8 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes for...Figure 9.9 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TM mn modes for...Figure 9.10 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TE mn modes fo...Figure 9.11 Frequency response of the propagation constant for TM mn modes fo...Figure 9.12 Geometry of cylindrical waveguide.Figure 9.13 Nonreciprocal phase shifter.Figure 9.14 Two‐slab nonreciprocal phase shifter.Figure 9.15 Dimensions of rectangular waveguide.Figure 9.16 Propagation vs. frequency from theoretical equations.Figure 9.17 Wavelength vs frequency from theoretical equations.Figure 9.18 Simulated rectangular waveguide and E field.Figure 9.19 Propagation vs. frequency from Ansoft HFSS.Figure 9.20 Wavelength vs. frequency from Ansoft HFSS.Figure 9.21 Hollow rectangular waveguide.Figure 9.22 Cross sections of derivative hollow guides.Figure 9.23 Base coaxial structure that will be used as a filter.Figure 9.24 E field plots for coaxial structure with septum.Figure 9.25 (a) Simulated coaxial filter with both ends open. (b) Simulation...Figure 9.26 (a) Simulated final coaxial filter configuration. (b) Simulation...Figure 9.27 Constructed filter geometry: (a) side view; (b) end view.Figure 9.28 (a) S parameter measurement set‐up. (b) Measured result for the ...Figure 9.29 Experimental setup.Figure 9.30 Problem 9.2.
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 RF PA as a three‐port network.Figure 10.2 Measured gain variation versus frequency for a switched‐mode RF ...Figure 10.3 Multistage RF amplifiers.Figure 10.4 RF system with coupler and attenuation pads.Figure 10.5 Typical closed loop control for an RF power amplifier for linear...Figure 10.6 Linear curve for an RF amplifier.Figure 10.7 Experimental setup for linearity adjustment of RF power amplifie...Figure 10.8 1 dB compression point for amplifiers.Figure 10.9 PA amplifier output response.Figure 10.10 Power gain for linear operation.Figure 10.11 Illustration of IMD frequencies and products.Figure 10.12 Simplified IMD measurement setup.Figure 10.13 Illustration of the relation between fundamental components and...Figure 10.14 Second‐order nonlinear amplifier output response which has comp...Figure 10.15 Third‐order nonlinear amplifier output response which has compo...Figure 10.16 Nonlinear amplifier response which has second‐ and third‐order ...Figure 10.17 BJT circuit with only DC source.Figure 10.18 i c and v CE curve for DC bias.Figure 10.19 BJT circuit with DC and AC sources.Figure 10.20 i c and v CE curve with DC and AC sources.Figure 10.21 Fixed bias BJT circuit.Figure 10.22 Stable bias circuit.Figure 10.23 Simplified stable bias circuit.Figure 10.24 Self‐bias circuit.Figure 10.25 Emitter bias circuit.Figure 10.26 (a) Bias circuit with temperature compensating diodes. (b) Acti...Figure 10.27 Bias circuit using linear regulator.Figure 10.28 (a) Stable bias circuit. (b) Self‐bias circuit. (c) Source bias...Figure 10.29 Generalized two‐port network.Figure 10.30 Integration of amplifier circuit.Figure 10.31 General two‐port amplifier network.Figure 10.32 Small signal amplifier design method illustration.Figure 10.33 Smith chart illustrating output stability regions.Figure 10.34 Smith chart illustrating input stability regions.Figure 10.35 Unconditional stability: (a) Γ L plane; (b) Γ s plane.Figure 10.36 Stability circles for Example 10.8.Figure 10.37 Two‐port network for stabilization.Figure 10.38 Stabilization network by adding series resistance.Figure 10.39 Stabilization network by adding shunt conductance.Figure 10.40 Stabilization with series resistor at the load.Figure 10.41 Stabilization with shunt conductance at the load.Figure 10.42 Unilateral amplifier design.Figure 10.43 Drawing constant gain circles.Figure 10.44 (a) ATF‐54143 die model provided by Avago [4] (b) DC biasing ci...Figure 10.45 ATF‐54143 die model provided by Avago.Figure 10.46 I d vs V ds provided by the manufacturer, Avago [4]Figure 10.47 ATF‐54143 I d vs V gs and I d vs V ds obtained from ADS.Figure 10.48 Input and output stability circles at 915 MHz.Figure 10.49 Input matching circuit.Figure 10.50 Output matching circuit.Figure 10.51 Constant gain circles at the input.Figure 10.52 Constant gain circles at the output.Figure 10.53 Simulation of the final circuit with ADS.Figure 10.54 ADS simulation results of the final circuit with ADS.Figure 10.55 The prototype of the low noise
