but upon analysis of the leachate they detected estradiol, a natural hormone found in pharmaceuticals but not a plastic additive, indicating that plastics are perhaps absorbing environmental contaminants that may interfere with studies that intend to focus only on plastic additives (Chen et al. 2019).
2.7 NIST Disclaimer
Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper to specify adequately the experimental procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
References
1 Accorsi, J. 2001. The impact of carbon black morphology and dispersion on the weatherability of polyethylene. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 54(6): 321–326.
2 Adeogun, A. O., Ibor, O. R., Omogbemi, E. D., Chukwuka, A. V., Adegbola, R. A., Adewuyi, G. A., Arukwe, A. 2015. Environmental occurrence and biota concentration of phthalate esters in Epe and Lagos Lagoons, Nigeria. Marine Environmental Research, 108: 24–32.
3 Akortia, E., Okonkwo, J. O., Lupankwa, M., Osae, S. D., Daso, A. P., Olukunle, O. I., Chaudhary, A. 2016. A review of sources, levels, and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their transformation and transport in various environmental compartments. Environmental Reviews, 24(3): 253–273.
4 Alam, P., Mamalis, D., Robert, C., Floreani, C., Brádaigh, C. M. O., 2019. The fatigue of carbon fibre reinforced plastics – a review. Composites Part B: Engineering. 166: 555–579.
5 Ambrogi, V., Carfagna, C., Cerruti, P., Marturano, V. 2017. Additives in polymers. Modification of Polymer Properties. Cambridge, MA, William Andrew Publishing, pp. 87–108.
6 Amelia, T. S. M., Khalik, W. M. A. W. M., Ong, M. C., et al. 2021. Marine microplastics as vectors of major ocean pollutants and its hazards to the marine ecosystem and humans. Progress in Earth and Planetary Sciences, 8: 12.
7 Aminot, Y., Lanctot, C., Bednarz, V., Robson, W. J., Taylor, A., Ferrier‐Pages, C., Metian, M., Tolosa, I. 2020. Leaching of flame‐retardants from polystyrene debris: Bioaccumulation and potential effects on coral. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151: 110862.
8 Andrady, A. L., Rajapakse, N. 2019. Additives and chemicals in plastics. Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. Cham, Springer: 1–17.
9 Bakir, A. B., Rowland, S. J., Thompson, R. C. 2014. Transport of persistent organic pollutants by microplastics in estuarine conditions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 140: 14–21.
10 Barboza, L. G. A., Cunha, S. C., Monteiro, C., Fernandes, J. O., Guilhermino, L. 2020. Bisphenol A and its analogs in muscle and liver of fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean in relation to microplastic contamination. Exposure and risk to human consumers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 393: 122419.
11 Basheer, C., Lee, H. K., Tan, K. S. 2004. Endocrine disrupting alkylphenols and bisphenol‐A in coastal waters and supermarket seafood from Singapore. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(11–12): 1161–1167.
12 Behl, M., Rice, J. R., Smith, M. V., Co, C. A., Bridge, M. F., Hsieh, J.‐H., Freedman, J. H., Boyd, W. A. 2016. Comparative toxicity of organophosphate flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers to Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicological Sciences, 154(2): 241–252.
13 Berge, A., Cladiere, M., Gasperi, J., Coursimault, A., Tassin, B., Moilleron, R. 2013. Meta‐analysis of environmental contamination by phthalates. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 20(11): 8057–8076.
14 Bhandari, R. K., Deem, S. L., Holliday, D. K., Jandegian, C. M., Kassotis, C. D., Nagel, S. C., Tillitt, D. E., Vom Saal, F. S., Rosenfeld, C. S. 2015. Effects of the environmental estrogenic contaminants bisphenol A and 17alpha‐ethinyl estradiol on sexual development and adult behaviors in aquatic wildlife species. General and Comparative Endocrinology 214: 195–219.
15 Bhunia, K., Sablani, S. S., Tang, J., Rasco, B. 2013. Migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers during microwave, conventional heat treatment, and storage. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(5): 523–545.
16 Bieber, W. D., Freytag, W., Figge, K., Vom Bruck, C. G. 1984. Transfer of additives from plastics materials into foodstuffs and into food simulants – a comparison. Food Chem Toxic 22(9): 737–742.
17 Biles, J. E., McNeal, T. P., Begley, T. H., Hollifield, H. C. 1997. Determination of bisphenol‐A in reusable polycarbonate food‐contact plastics and migration to food‐simulating liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(9): 3541–3544.
18 Binetti, R., Costamagna, F. M., Ceccarelli, F., D'angiolini, A., Fabri, A., Riva, G., Satalia, S., Marcello, I. 2008. The ISS National Inventory of Chemical Substances (INSC). Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 44(1): 16–26.
19 Boehme, R. M., Andries, T., Dötz, K. H., Thiele, B., Guenther, K. 2010. Synthesis of defined endocrine‐disrupting nonylphenol isomers for biological and environmental studies. Chemosphere 80 (7): 813–821.
20 Bolgar, M., Hubball, J., Groeger, J., Meronek, S., Eds. 2016. Handbook for the Chemical Analysis of Plastic and Polymer Additives. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
21 Bradlee, C. A., Thomas, P. 2003. Aquatic toxicity of phthalate esters. Series anthropogenic compounds. In: Staples, C.A. (Ed.), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 263–298.
22 Brandsma, S. H., Leonards, P. E., Leslie, H. A., de Boer, J. 2015. Tracing organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants and plasticizers in an estuarine food web. Science of the Total Environment, 505: 22–31.
23 Brehm, E., Flaws, J. A. 2019. Transgenerational effects of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals on male and female reproduction. Endocrinology, 160(6): 1421–1435.
24 Brignac, K. C., Jung, M. R., King, C., Royer, S. J., Blickley, L., Lamson, M. R., Potemra, J. T., Lynch, J. M. 2019. Marine debris polymers on main Hawaiian island beaches, sea surface, and seafloor. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(21): 12218–12226.
25 Browne, M. A., Niven, S. J., Galloway, T. S., Rowland, S. J., Thompson, R. C. 2013. Microplastic moves pollutants and additives to worms, reducing functions linked to health and biodiversity. Current Biology, 23(23): 2388–2392.
26 Brydson, J. 1999. Plastic Materials. Woburn, MA, Butterworth‐Heinemann.
27 Caldwell, J. C. 2012. DEHP: genotoxicity and potential carcinogenic mechanisms – a review. Mutation Research, 751(2): 82–157.
28 Campanale, C., Massarelli, C., Savino, I., Locaputo, V., Uricchio, V. F. 2020. A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4): 1212.
29 Canesi, L., Fabbri, E. 2015. Environmental effects of BPA: focus on aquatic species. Dose Response, 13(3): 1559325815598304.
30 Canesi, L., Fabbri, R., Gallo, G., Vallotto, D., Marcomini, A., Pojana, G. J. A. T. 2010. Biomarkers in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to suspensions of selected nanoparticles (Nano carbon black, C60 fullerene, Nano‐TiO2, Nano‐SiO2). Aquatic Toxicology 100 (2): 168–177.
31 Carstens, L., Cowan, A. R., Seiwert, B., Schlosser, D. 2020.
