dropout ensures neurons cannot rely solely on specific other neurons220.
COBWEB is an incremental system for hierarchical conceptual clustering. COBWEB was invented by Professor Douglas H. Fisher, currently at Vanderbilt University. COBWEB incrementally organizes observations into a classification tree. Each node in a classification tree represents a class (concept) and is labeled by a probabilistic concept that summarizes the attribute-value distributions of objects classified under the node. This classification tree can be used to predict missing attributes or the class of a new object221.
Code is a one-to-one mapping of a finite ordered set of symbols belonging to some finite alphabet222.
Codec is a codec is the means by which sound and video files are compressed for storage and transmission purposes. There are various forms of compression: ’lossy’ and ’lossless’, but most codecs perform lossless compression because of the much larger data reduction ratios that occur with lossy compression. Most codecs are software, although in some areas codecs are hardware components of image and sound systems. Codecs are necessary for playback, since they uncompress or decompress the moving image and sound files and allow them to be rendered223.
Cognitive architecture – the Institute of Creative Technologies defines cognitive architecture as: «hypothesis about the fixed structures that provide a mind, whether in natural or artificial systems, and how they work together – in conjunction with knowledge and skills embodied within the architecture – to yield intelligent behavior in a diversity of complex environments»224.
Cognitive computing is used to refer to the systems that simulate the human brain to help with the decision- making. It uses self-learning algorithms that perform tasks such as natural language processing, image analysis, reasoning, and human—computer interaction. Examples of cognitive systems are IBM’s Watson and Google DeepMind225.
Cognitive Maps are structured representations of decision depicted in graphical format (variations of cognitive maps are cause maps, influence diagrams, or belief nets). Basic cognitive maps include nodes connected by arcs, where the nodes represent constructs (or states) and the arcs represent relationships. Cognitive maps have been used to understand decision situations, to analyze complex cause-effect representations and to support communication226.
Cognitive science – the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes227.
Cohort is a sample in study (conducted to evaluate a machine learning algorithm, for example) where it is followed prospectively or retrospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants’ exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it.
Cold-Start is a potential issue arising from the fact that a system cannot infer anything for users or items for which it has not gathered a sufficient amount of information yet228.
Collaborative filtering – making predictions about the interests of one user based on the interests of many other users. Collaborative filtering is often used in recommendation systems229.
Combinatorial optimization in operations research, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science, combinatorial optimization is a topic that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects230.
Committee machine is a type of artificial neural network using a divide and conquer strategy in which the responses of multiple neural networks (experts) are combined into a single response. The combined response of the committee machine is supposed to be superior to those of its constituent experts. Compare ensembles of classifiers231.
Commoditization is the process of transforming a product from an elite to a generally available (comparatively cheap commodity of mass consumption)232.
Common Data Element (CDE) is a tool to support data management for clinical research233.
Commonsense reasoning is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with simulating the human ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day234.
Compiler is a program that translates text written in a programming language into a set of machine codes. AI framework compilers collect the computational data of the frameworks and try to optimize the code of each of them, regardless of the hardware of the accelerator. The compiler contains programs and blocks with which the framework performs several tasks. The computer memory resource allocator, for example, allocates power individually for each accelerator235.
Composite AI is a combined application of various artificial intelligence methods (deep machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, contextual analysis, knowledge graphs, data visualization, forecasting methods, etc.) to increase the efficiency of model training in order to achieve a synergistic effect from their use and the best results of the work of artificial intelligence systems. One of the ideas that is laid down in the creation of composite artificial intelligence is to obtain a sane artificial intelligence that will be able to understand the essence of the problems and solve a wide range of problems, offering optimal solutions.236,237,238.
Compression is a method of reducing the size of computer files. There are several compression programs available, such as gzip and WinZip239.
Computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that follows a well-defined model (e.g., an algorithm)240.
Computational chemistry is a discipline using mathematical methods for the calculation of molecular properties or for the simulation of molecular behaviour. It also includes, e.g., synthesis planning, database searching, combinatorial library manipulation.241,242,243.
Computational complexity theory – focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating these classes
Co-adaptation [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#co-adaptation (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)
COBWEB [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobweb_(clustering) (дата обращения: 10.05.2023)
Код [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Код (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)
Codec [Электронный ресурс] www.umich.edu URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#C (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)
Cognitive architecture [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)
Cognitive computing [Электронный ресурс] https://habr.com URL: https://habr.com/ru/company/ibm/blog/276855/ (дата обращения: 31.01.2022)
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Cognitive science Когнитивная наука и интеллектуальные технологии: Реф. сб. АН СССР. – М.: Ин-т науч. информ. по обществ. наукам, 1991 (дата обращения: 04.02.2022)
Cold-Start [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_start_(recommender_systems) (дата обращения 07.07.2023)
Collaborative filtering [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#collaborative-filtering (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)
Combinatorial optimization [Электронный ресурс] https://dic.academic.ru URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/107404 (дата обращения: 11.02.2022)
Committee machine [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_machine (дата обращения: 03.05.2023)
Коммодитизация [Электронный ресурс] https://secretmag.ru URL: https://secretmag.ru/enciklopediya/chto-takoe-kommoditizaciya-obyasnyaem-prostymi-slovami.htm (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)
Common Data Element (CDE) [Электронный ресурс] https://techdocs.broadcom.com URL: https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/ca-mainframe-software/traditional-management/ca-mics-resource-management/14-1/installing/system-modification/ca-mics-facilities/ca-mics-component-generator-mcg/generator-definition-statements/common-data-element-definition-statements.html (дата обращения 30.04.2022)
Commonsense reasoning [Электронный ресурс] https://sciencedirect.com URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/ answer-set-programming#:~:text=Answer%20set%20programming %20is%20an, is%20required%20in%20commonsense%20reasoning (дата обращения: 09.03.2022)
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Composite AI [Электронный ресурс] https://www.expert.ai URL: https://www.expert.ai/glossary-of-ai-terms/ (дата обращения: 04.05.2023)
.Сергей Стельмах. Почему композитный ИИ – критически важная концепция. [Электронный ресурс] www.itweek.ru URL: https://www.itweek.ru/ai/article/detail.php?ID=219809 (дата обращения: 31.08.2023). – Текст: электронный.
.Композитный ИИ: что это такое и зачем он нужен? [Электронный ресурс] sas.cnews.ru URL: https://sas.cnews.ru/articles/2021-06-30_kompozitnyj_ii_novyj_hajp_ili_novye (дата обращения: 31.08.2023). – Текст: электронный.
Compression [Электронный ресурс] www.umich.edu URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/cms/2042#C (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)
Computation [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)
Computational chemistry [Электронный ресурс] https://goldbook.iupac.org URL: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/CT06952 (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)
Computational chemistry [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)
Вычислительная химия [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вычислительная_химия (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)
