rel="nofollow" href="#note141" type="note">141.
Bayesian optimization is a probabilistic regression model technique for optimizing computationally expensive objective functions by instead optimizing a surrogate that quantifies the uncertainty via a Bayesian learning technique. Since Bayesian optimization is itself very expensive, it is usually used to optimize expensive-to-evaluate tasks that have a small number of parameters, such as selecting hyperparameters142.
Bayesian programming is a formalism and a methodology for having a technique to specify probabilistic models and solve problems when less than the necessary information is available143,144.
Bees’ algorithm is a population-based search algorithm which was developed by Pham, Ghanbarzadeh and et al. in 2005. It mimics the food foraging behaviour of honey bee colonies. In its basic version the algorithm performs a kind of neighbourhood search combined with global search, and can be used for both combinatorial optimization and continuous optimization. The only condition for the application of the bee’s algorithm is that some measure of distance between the solutions is defined. The effectiveness and specific abilities of the bee’s algorithm have been proven in a number of studies145.
Behavior informatics (BI) — the informatics of behaviors so as to obtain behavior intelligence and behavior insights146.
Behavior tree (BT) is a mathematical model of plan execution used in computer science, robotics, control systems and video games. They describe switchings between a finite set of tasks in a modular fashion. Their strength comes from their ability to create very complex tasks composed of simple tasks, without worrying how the simple tasks are implemented. BTs present some similarities to hierarchical state machines with the key difference that the main building block of a behavior is a task rather than a state. Its ease of human understanding makes BTs less error-prone and very popular in the game developer community. BTs have shown to generalize several other control architectures147.
Belief-desire-intention software model (BDI) is a software model developed for programming intelligent agents. Superficially characterized by the implementation of an agent’s beliefs, desires and intentions, it actually uses these concepts to solve a particular problem in agent programming. In essence, it provides a mechanism for separating the activity of selecting a plan (from a plan library or an external planner application) from the execution of currently active plans. Consequently, BDI agents are able to balance the time spent on deliberating about plans (choosing what to do) and executing those plans (doing it). A third activity, creating the plans in the first place (planning), is not within the scope of the model, and is left to the system designer and programmer148.
Bellman equation – named after Richard E. Bellman, is a necessary condition for optimality associated with the mathematical optimization method known as dynamic programming. It writes the «value» of a decision problem at a certain point in time in terms of the payoff from some initial choices and the «value» of the remaining decision problem that results from those initial choices. This breaks a dynamic optimization problem into a sequence of simpler subproblems, as Bellman’s «principle of optimality» prescribes149.
Benchmark (also benchmark program, benchmarking program, benchmark test) – test program or package for evaluating (measuring and/or comparing) various aspects of the performance of a processor, individual devices, computer, system or a specific application, software; a benchmark that allows products from different manufacturers to be compared against each other or against some standard. For example, online benchmark – online benchmark; standard benchmark – standard benchmark; benchmark time comparison – comparison of benchmark execution times150.
Benchmarking is a set of techniques that allow you to study the experience of competitors and implement best practices in your company151.
BETA refers to a phase in online service development in which the service is coming together functionality-wise but genuine user experiences are required before the service can be finished in a user-centered way. In online service development, the aim of the beta phase is to recognize both programming issues and usability-enhancing procedures. The beta phase is particularly often used in connection with online services and it can be either freely available (open beta) or restricted to a specific target group (closed beta)152.
Bias is a systematic trend that causes differences between results and facts. Error exists in the numbers of the data analysis process, including the source of the data, the estimate chosen, and how the data is analyzed. Error can seriously affect the results, for example, when studying people’s shopping habits. If the sample size is not large enough, the results may not reflect the buying habits of all people. That is, there may be discrepancies between survey results and actual results153.
Biased algorithm – systematic and repetitive errors in a computer system that lead to unfair results, such as one privilege persecuting groups of users over others. Also, sexist and racist algorithms154,155.
Bidirectional (BiDi) is a term used to describe a system that evaluates the text that both precedes and follows a target section of text. In contrast, a unidirectional system only evaluates the text that precedes a target section of text156.
Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) is a model architecture for text representation. A trained BERT model can act as part of a larger model for text classification or other ML tasks. BERT has the following characteristics: Uses the Transformer architecture, and therefore relies on self-attention. Uses the encoder part of the Transformer. The encoder’s job is to produce good text representations, rather than to perform a specific task like classification. Is bidirectional. Uses masking for unsupervised training157,158.
Bidirectional language model is a language model that determines the probability that a given token is present at a given location in an excerpt of text based on the preceding and following text159.
Big data is a term for sets of digital data whose large size, rate of increase or complexity requires significant computing power for processing and special software tools for analysis and presentation in the form of human-perceptible results160.
Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behavior of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity. It is a member
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Bayesian programming [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_programming (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)
Байесовское программирование [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Байесовское_программирование (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)
Bees algorithm [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees_algorithm#cite_note-Pham_&_al,_2005-1 (дата обращения: 27.03.2023)
Behavior informatics (BI) [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_informatics (дата обращения: 01.05.2023)
Behavior tree (BT) [Электронный ресурс] https://habr.com URL: https://habr.com/ru/company/cloud_mts/blog/306214/ (дата обращения: 31.01.2022)
Belief-desire-intention software model (BDI) [Электронный ресурс] https://fccland.ru URL: https://fccland.ru/stati/22848-model-ubezhdeniy-zhelaniy-i-namereniy.html (дата обращения: 31.01.2022)
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Бенчмаркинг [Электронный ресурс] https://trends.rbc.ru URL: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/education/61540f1e9a7947ed382de149 (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)
BETA [Электронный ресурс] www.sofokus.com URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)
Bias [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics) (дата обращения: 26.06.2023)
Biased algorithm [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_bias (дата обращения: 27.03.2023)
Алгоритмическая предвзятость [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikibrief.org URL: https://ru.wikibrief.org/wiki/Algorithmic_bias (дата обращения: 27.03.2023)
Bidirectional [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#bidirectional (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)
Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#bert-bidirectional-encoder-representations-from-transformers (дата обращения: 28.06.2023)
BERT [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model) (дата обращения: 28.06.2023)
Bidirectional language model [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#bidirectional-language-model (дата обращения: 09.04.2023)
Большие данные [Электронный ресурс] https://ulgov.ru URL: https://ulgov.ru/page/index/permlink/id/14949/ (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)
