leads to the decision-making process54.
Anomaly detection – the process of identifying outliers. For example, if the mean for a certain feature is 100 with a standard deviation of 10, then anomaly detection should flag a value of 200 as suspicious55,56.
Anonymization – the process in which data is de-identified as part of a mechanism to submit data for machine learning57.
Answer set programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming oriented towards difficult (primarily NP-hard) search problems. It is based on the stable model (answer set) semantics of logic programming. In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, and answer set solvers – programs for generating stable models – are used to perform search58.
Antivirus software is a program or set of programs that are designed to prevent, search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and other malicious software like worms, trojans, adware, and more59.
Anytime algorithm is an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends60.
API-AS-a-service (AaaS) combines the API economy and software renting and provides application programming interfaces as a service61.
Application programming interface (API) is a set of subroutine definitions, communication protocols, and tools for building software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly defined methods of communication among various components. A good API makes it easier to develop a computer program by providing all the building blocks, which are then put together by the programmer. An API may be for a web-based system, operating system, database system, computer hardware, or software library62.
Application security is the process of making apps more secure by finding, fixing, and enhancing the security of apps. Much of this happens during the development phase, but it includes tools and methods to protect apps once they are deployed. This is becoming more important as hackers increasingly target applications with their attacks63.
Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is a specialized integrated circuit for solving a specific problem64.
Approximate string matching (also fuzzy string searching) – the technique of finding strings that match a pattern approximately (rather than exactly). The problem of approximate string matching is typically divided into two sub-problems: finding approximate substring matches inside a given string and finding dictionary strings that match the pattern approximately65.
Approximation error – the discrepancy between an exact value and some approximation to it66.
Architectural description group (Architectural view) is a representation of the system as a whole in terms of a related set of interests67,68.
Architectural frameworks are high-level descriptions of an organization as a system; they capture the structure of its main components at varied levels, the interrelationships among these components, and the principles that guide their evolution69.
Architecture of a computer is a conceptual structure of a computer that determines the processing of information and includes methods for converting information into data and the principles of interaction between hardware and software70.
Architecture of a computing system is the configuration, composition and principles of interaction (including data exchange) of the elements of a computing system71.
Architecture of a system is the fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its elements, their relationships with each other and with the environment, as well as the principles that guide its design and evolution72.
Archival Information Collection (AIC) is information whose content is an aggregation of other archive information packages. The digital preservation function preserves the capability to regenerate the DIPs (Dissemination Information Packages) as needed over time73.
Archival Storage is a source for data that is not needed for an organization’s everyday operations, but may have to be accessed occasionally. By utilizing an archival storage, organizations can leverage to secondary sources, while still maintaining the protection of the data. Utilizing archival storage sources reduces primary storage costs required and allows an organization to maintain data that may be required for regulatory or other requirements74.
Area under curve (AUC) – the area under a curve between two points is calculated by performing the definite integral. In the context of a receiver operating characteristic for a binary classifier, the AUC represents the classifier’s accuracy75.
Area Under the ROC curve is the probability that a classifier will be more confident that a randomly chosen positive example is actually positive than that a randomly chosen negative example is positive76.
Argumentation framework is a way to deal with contentious information and draw conclusions from it. In an abstract argumentation framework, entry-level information is a set of abstract arguments that, for instance, represent data or a proposition. Conflicts between arguments are represented by a binary relation on the set of arguments77.
Artifact is one of many kinds of tangible by-products produced during the development of software. Some artifacts (e.g., use cases, class diagrams, and other Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, requirements and design documents) help describe the function, architecture, and design of software. Other artifacts are concerned with the process of development itself – such as project plans, business cases, and risk assessments78.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) as opposed to narrow intelligence, also known as complete, strong, super intelligence, Human Level Machine Intelligence, indicates the ability of a machine that can successfully perform any tasks in an intellectual way as the human being. Artificial superintelligence
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