meanings and give the Russian equivalents.
Graphitic, concentration, factor, forms, aluminium, passive, metal, identify, perforate, metallography, proportion, magnesium, temperature, technical managers, module.
2 . Read and translate the following verbs.
To categorize, to damage, to confine, to divide, to re-passivate, to protect, to oxidize, to combine, to release, to contain, to reduce, to support, to react, to encounter.
3 . Match the English phrases from column A with the Russian phrases in column B.
4 . Read and translate the text. Summarize it in Russian.
Corrosion can be categorized in some common types: uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, concentration cell corrosion, graphitic corrosion.
What is pitting corrosion? Pitting Corrosion is the localized corrosion of a metal surface confined to a point or small area that takes the form of cavities. Pitting corrosion is one of the most damaging forms of corrosion. Pitting factor is the ratio of the depth of the deepest pit resulting from corrosion divided by the average penetration as calculated from weight loss.
Pitting corrosion is usually found on passive metals and alloys such aluminium alloys, stainless steels and stainless alloys when the ultra-thin passive film (oxide film) is chemically or mechanically damaged and does not immediately repassivate. The resulting pits can become wide and shallow or narrow and deep which can rapidly perforate the wall thickness of a metal. The shape of pitting corrosion can only be identified through metallography. (From www.engineeringtoolbox.com).
5 . Read the text again. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Corrosion can be divided into four types.
2. Pitting corrosion refers to corrosion occurring in confined spaces to which the access of the working fluid from the environment is limited.
3. Pitting corrosion is the least damaging form of corrosion.
6 . Translate the following text. What is its main idea?
Crevice corrosion is an intense local attack within crevices or shielded areas on metal surfaces exposed to corrosive solutions. It is characteristically encountered with metals and alloys which rely on a surface oxide film for corrosion protection, e.g., stainless steels, titanium, aluminum, etc. The crevices can be inherent in the design of the equipment (e.g., plate heat exchangers) or inadvertently created by a bad design. Crevice corrosion can be initiated at metal to nonmetallic sealing faces. Any non-metallic material which is porous and used as a gasket, for example, is particularly good (or bad!) for initiating this form of attack. Fibrous materials which have a strong wicking action are notorious in their ability to initiate crevice attack. Similarly, materials which have poor stress relaxation characteristics, i.e., have little or no ability to recover their original shape after being deformed, are also crevice creators – as are materials which tend to creep under the influence of applied loads and/or at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, elastomeric materials are particularly good insofar as they exhibit elastic recovery and have the ability to form a crevice-free seal. However, at elevated temperatures, rubbers may harden. In this condition, they suffer the deficiencies of nonelastomeric gasketing materials.
Artificial crevices can also be created by the deposition of scale from one of the process streams to which the metal is exposed. It is necessary, therefore, to maintain food processing equipment in a scale-free condition – especially on surfaces exposed to service fluids such as hot/cold water, cooling brines, etc. – which tend to be overlooked during plant cleaning operations.
7 . Read the text. What is its main idea?
Металлы и сплавы могут разрушаться под действием химического (химическая коррозия), электрохимического (электрохимическая коррозия) и механического (эрозия) воздействий внешней среды.
Способность металла сопротивляться коррозионному воздействию среды называют коррозионной стойкостью.
Коррозия металла или сплава происходит, как правило, на границе раздела фаз, т. е. на границе соприкосновения твердого вещества с газом или жидкостью.
Коррозионные процессы подразделяются на следующие виды: по механизму взаимодействия металла со средой; по виду коррозионной среды; по виду коррозионных разрушений поверхности; по объему разрушенного металла; по характеру дополнительных воздействий, которым подвергается металл одновременно с действием коррозионной среды.
По механизму взаимодействия металла со средой различают химическую и электрохимическую коррозию.
Коррозию, протекающую под влиянием жизнедеятельности микроорганизмов, относят к биологической коррозии, а протекающую под действием радиоактивного излучения – к радиационной коррозии.
По виду коррозионной среды, участвующей в коррозионном разрушении металла или сплава, различают коррозию в жидкостях неэлектролитах, коррозию в растворах и расплавах электролитов, газовую, атмосферную, подземную (почвенную) коррозию, коррозию блуждающим током и др. (From bibliotekar.ru/spravochnik-33).
8 . Work in pairs. Interpret the following passage sentence by sentence.
Much research has been done on the geometry of crevices and the influence on the propensity for the initiation of crevice corrosion. However, in practical terms, crevice corrosion usually occurs in openings a few tenths of a millimeter or less, and rarely is encountered where the crevice is greater than 2 mm.
Until the 1950s, crevice corrosion was thought to be due to differences in metal ion or oxygen concentration within the crevice
