style="font-size:15px;"> Spuler, History of the Mongols pp. 115–119.
11
Sicker, Islamic World in Asendancy p. 111; Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization p. 510.
12
Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte Wassafs pp. 68–71; Le Strange, Baghdad.
13
Spuler, History of the Mongols pp. 120–121.
14
RT ii pp. 494–499.
15
MacLeod, Library of Alexandria p. 71.
16
Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte Wassafs pp. 72–75.
17
Wiet, Baghdad pp. 164–165.
18
Somogyi, Joseph de, A Qasida on the Destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols,’ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 7 (1933) pp. 41–48.
19
Spuler, History of the Mongols pp. 125–164. There is an interesting article, comparing Hulagu’s sack of Baghdad with the U.S. destruction of the city some 750 years later, by Ian Frazier, ‘Annals of History: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad,’ in the New Yorker, 25 April 2005.
20
For the ‘world island’ and the ‘heartland’ theory see H. J. Mackinder, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History,’ The Geographical Journal 23 (1904) pp. 421–437; Pascal Venier, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History and Early Twentieth-Century Geopolitical Culture,’ The Geographical Journal 170 (2004) pp. 330–336.
21
Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History pp. 241–258.
22
Robert N. Taafe, ‘The Geographical Setting,’ in Sinor, Cambridge History pp. 19–40.
23
A good introduction to the ‘stans’ is Rashid, Jihad.
24
For this view see Cable & French, The Gobi Desert.
25
Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes p. xxii had a theory that along the south-north axis trade went south and migration went north.
26
For the Altai and Tarbaghatai see Taafe, ‘The Geographical Setting’ in Sinor, Cambridge History pp. 24–25, 40. Cf also Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 166.
27
Stewart, In the Empire p. 132: ‘Sometimes the forest cuts deeply into the steppe as, for example, does the famous Utken forest on the slopes of the Kangai; sometimes the steppe penetrates northward, as do the Khakass steppes in the upper reaches of the Yenisei or the broad trans-Baikal steppe’; Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom p. 18.
28
Mount Burqan Qaldun has been tentatively identified as Mount Khenti Khan in the Great Khenti range in north-eastern Mongolia (48° 50’ N, 109° E): Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 229; Hue, High Road in Tartary pp. 123–127.
29
Stewart, In The Empire p. 159. Cf also Bull, Around the Sacred Sea.
30
Owen Lattimore, ‘Return to China’s Northern Frontier,’ The Geographical Journal 139 (June 1973) pp. 233–242.
31
For various accounts see Cable & French, Gobi Desert; Man, Gobi; Younghusband, Heart of a Continent; Thayer, Walking the Gobi.
32
Stewart, In The Empire p. 153.
33
Nairne, Gilmour p. 74.
34
De Windt, From Pekin to Calais p. 107.
35
De Windt, From Pekin to Calais p. 103.
36
De Windt, From Pekin to Calais pp. 134–35.
37
Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers p. 12.
38
Severin, In Search of Genghis Khan p. 18.
39
Dawson, Mongol Mission pp. 5–6.
40
Barfield, Perilous Frontier pp. 22–23.
41
Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations, iv part 2 pp. 275–276.
42
Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom pp. 62–63.
43
For the Amur river see Du Halde, Description geographique; M. A. Peschurof, ‘Description of the Amur River in Eastern Asia,’ Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 2 (1857–58).
44
For the Amur as the traditional boundary between Russia and China see Kerner, The Urge to the Sea; Stephan, Sakhalin.
