v. Elliott.
23. G. Orfield, The Reconstruction of Southern Education: The Schools and the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 20.
24. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Southern School Desegregation 1966-67.
25. U.S. Office of Education, “General Statement of Policies,” school desegregation guidelines, April 1965.
26. Orfield, The Reconstruction of Southern Education.
27. Bass, Unlikely Heroes.
28. Green et al. v. County School Board of New Kent County, Virginia, et al.
29. G. Orfield, Must We Bus?: Segregated Schools and National Policy, 19-24.
30. Shelly v. Kraemer.
31. Fossey, School Choice in Massachusetts: Will It Help Schools Improve?
32. Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County.
33. Griffin v. County School Board, oral argument (in part 2 at www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1963/1963_592/).
34. Lewis, Portrait of a Decade: The Second American Revolution.
35. Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1.
36. Center for National Policy Review, Catholic University Law School, Why Must Northern School Systems Desegregate? A Summary of Federal Court Decisions in Recent Cases.
37. Milliken v. Bradley.
38. Bureau of Equal Educational Opportunities, Massachusetts Department of Education, Schools and Programs of Choice: Voluntary Desegregation in Massachusetts.
39. Yu and Taylor, eds., Difficult Choices: Do Magnet Schools Serve Children in Need?, 9.
40. Betts et al., “Does School Choice Work? Effects on Student Integration and Achievement” Bifulco, Cobb, and Bell, “Can Interdistrict Choice Boost Student Achievement? The Case of Connecticut's Interdistrict Magnet School Program” Gamoran, “Student Achievement in Public Magnet, Public Comprehensive, and Private City High Schools.”
41. Eaton, “Slipping toward Segregation” Eaton and Crutcher, “Magnets, Media and Mirages.”
42. Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell; Boger and Orfield, eds., School Resegregation, Must the South Turn Back?
43. Tuttle v. Arlington County School Board; Eisenberg v. Montgomery County Public Schools.
44. Smrekar and Goldring, School Choice in Urban America: Magnet Schools and the Pursuit of Equity; Metz, Different by Design.
45. Wells and Crain, Stepping Over the Color Line: African-American Students in White Suburban Schools; Heaney and Uchitelle, Unending Struggle: The Long Road to an Equal Education in St. Louis.
46. Willie, Edwards, and Alves, Student Diversity, Choice and School Improvement.
47. Weaver, “Controlled Choice: An Alternative School Choice Plan.”
48. Willie, Edwards, and Alves, Student Diversity.
49. Thernstrom and Thernstrom, No Excuses.
50. Chubb and Moe, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools.
51. Gates, remarks at the National Charter Schools Conference.
52. Frahm, “Charter Schools: A Debate over Integration and Education.”
53. Nathan, Charter Schools: Creating Hope and Opportunity for American Education.
54. See, for example, the October 31, 1994, Time magazine cover, which read, “New Hope For Public Schools: In a grassroots revolt, parents and teachers are seizing control of public education.”
55. Center for Research on Educational Outcomes, Multiple Choice: Charter School Performance in Sixteen States.
56. 1991 Omnibus K-12 Education Finance Bill (House File 700/Senate File 467, Laws of Minnesota 1991, chapter 265, article 9, section 3).
57. Center for Educational Reform, “National Charter School and Enrollment Statistics 2009, 2010.”
58. Hess, “Race to the Top? The Promise—and Challenges—of Expanding the Reach of Charter Schools.”
59. See, e.g., Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, “Cognitive Outcomes in Public and Private Schools” Bryk, Holland, and Lee, Catholic Schools and the Common Good.
60. Coons and Sugarman, Education by Choice: The Case for Family Control.
61. Price, “Race, Religion, and the Rules Committee: The Kennedy Aid-to-Education Bills.”
62. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, at 676-84 (Justice Thomas concurring).
63. Bush, “Cleveland Voucher Program.”
64. Lee, Borman, and Tyson, “Florida's A+ Plan: Education Reform Policies and Student Outcomes,” 149.
65. Bush v. Holmes.
66. DeFour, “ACLU Alleges Milwaukee Voucher Program Discriminates against Disabled Students.”
67. Rouse and Barrow, “School Vouchers and Student Achievement: Recent Evidence, Remaining Questions.”
68. Anrig, “An Idea Whose Time Has Gone: Conservatives Abandon Their Support for School Vouchers.”
69. McEwan, Urquiola, and Vegas, “School Choice, Stratification, and Information on School Performance: Lessons from Chile.”
70. Bodzin, “Chilean Students Taking to Streets against ‘Pinochet's Education.’”
71. Walton Family Foundation, “Education Reform: Overview.”
72. Orfield, The Reconstruction of Southern Education.
73. Green et al. v. County School Board Of New Kent County, Virginia, et al, at 441-42.
74. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 21.
75. Sullivan and Stewart, Now Is the Time: Integration in the Berkeley Schools.
76. Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell.
77. Reardon and Yun, “Integrating Neighborhoods, Segregating Schools: The Retreat from School Desegregation in the South, 1990-2000.”
78. Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1.
79. Mickelson, “The Incomplete Desegregation of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools and Its Consequences.”
80. Parents Involved, at 788-89 (Justice Kennedy concurring).
81. Ryan, Five Miles Away, A World Apart: One City, Two Schools, and the Story of Educational Opportunity in Modern America, 117.
82.
