rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_32c15ef8-d307-5b36-b8eb-e29a279a05c7">20 The relationship between anarchism and violence in the late 19th century has been studied by many historians. For Italy in particular, see P. C. Masini, Storia degli anarchici italiani nell’epoca degli attentati (Milan: Rizzoli, 1981) and M. Antonioli, “L’individualismo anarchico,” in M. Antonioli and P. C. Masini, Il Sol dell’avvenire. L’anarchismo in Italia dalle origini alla prima guerra mondiale (Pisa: BFS, 1999). For a geographically wider focus see, among others, P. Adamo (ed.) Pensiero e dinamite. Gli anarchici e la violenza, 1892–1894 (Milan: M&B Publishing, 2004).
21 On Gori, see M. Antonioli’s biographical entry in DBAI, vol. 1, 745–51, and references therein.
22 N. Dell’Erba, Giornali e gruppi anarchici in Italia (1892–1900) (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1983), 35.
23 On June 5, 1893 Gori spoke at the Politeama Goldoni in Ancona, expounding anarchism’s theoretical postulates (Scritti scelti di Pietro Gori, vol. 1 [Cesena: Antistato, 1968], 105–25).
24 L. Bettini, Bibliografia dell’anarchismo, vol. 1, part 1, Periodici e numeri unici anarchici in lingua italiana pubblicati in Italia (1872–1971) (Florence: CP, 1972), 120.
25 Nine issues of L’Art 248 appeared between January and March 1894 (Bettini, 119–120).
26 For a detailed listing of the emergency laws passed in 1894, see E. Sernicoli, L’anarchia e gli anarchici. Studio storico e politico, vol. 2 (Milan: Treves. 1894), 263–68.
27 Luigi Fabbri, Malatesta. L’uomo e il pensiero (Naples: RL, 1951), 185.
28 F. Pelloutier, “La situation actuelle du socialisme,” Temps Nouveaux, July 6, 1895.
29 See the letter of March 10, 1896 from London to Niccolò Converti, in E. Malatesta, Scritti scelti (Naples: RL, 1954), 167–68, reprinted in Bertolucci, 74–75.
30 Berti, Errico Malatesta e il movimento anarchico, 180–87.
31 Masini, Storia degli anarchici italiani nell’epoca degli attentati, 83–83.
32 E. Santarelli, Le Marche dall’Unità al fascismo. Democrazia repubblicana e movimento socialista (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1961), 102–4.
33 Il Paria began publication in April 1885, breaking off the following November, only to resume sporadically until March 1887 (Bettini, 38).
34 Santarelli, Socialismo anarchico, 89.
35 Santarelli, Le Marche dall’Unità al fascismo, 151.
36 Dell’Erba, 54.
37 [Editor’s note] The Casino dorico was a club where Ancona’s aristocracy traditionally held conferences, parties, masked balls, and musical entertainment.
38 On Giardini, see the biographical entries by M. Antonioli in DBAI (vol. 1, 711–13) and by R. Giulianelli in N. Sbano (ed.), Dizionario degli avvocati di Ancona (Ancona: Il Lavoro Editoriale, 2009), 157–61.
39 R. Giulianelli, “La prigione, discriminante esistenziale e politica. L’esperienza di Luigi Fabbri e Augusto Giardini (1894–1902),” in edited volume Luigi Fabbri. Studi e documenti sull’anarchismo tra Otto e Novecento, Quaderni della Rivista storica dell’anarchismo, no. 1 (Pisa: BFS, 2005), 31–32.
40 The fortnightly Lotta Umana was very short-lived, producing a bare five issues—including the initial dry run—between April and July 1896 (Bettini, 124–25). In the spring of the same year Ancona’s anarchists also printed off three single issue publications, I Tempi Nuovi, L’Errore Gudiziario, and L’Ora Sanguinosa, all of them of an anti-organizationist bent (Ibid., 124 and 127).
41 For La Campana, see Bettini, 71–72 and V. Gianangeli (ed.). Bibliografia della stampa operaia e democratica nelle Marche, 1860–1926: Periodici e numeri unici della provincia di Macerata (Ancona: Il Lavoro Editoriale, 1998), 87–91. The result of an initiative by some young Macerata anarchists, the newspaper took little time to achieve a print-run of two thousand copies. This success created some problems for local libertarians who—reporting the lack of a press capable of meeting the print-run required—handed the weekly over to the Ancona group in October 1890. In actual fact, the handing-over was demanded by Malatesta and Merlino, in order to give a sharper edge to the paper in view of the upcoming Capolago congress, following which the editorship was handed back to Macerata.
42 For Agostinelli’s relations with Malatesta and, above all, his role in Ancona anarchism between the 19th and 20th centuries, see U. Fedeli, “Momenti e uomini del sociaismo-anarchico in Italia. 1896–1924,” Volontà, no. 10 (1960): 608–19.
43 R. Felicioli and A. Smorti to a person unknown, Ancona, 16 July 1897, Ancona State Archives, “Tribunale di Ancona, Processi penali, 1897,” folder 656.
44 Within weeks of the gathering in Switzerland, the press carried the announcement of a congress at which an Umbria-Marches Anarchist Socialist Federation was to be launched (“Federazione socialista rivoluzionaria anarchica italiana. Sezione marchigiana-umbra,” La Campana, 8 February 1891; “Congresso regionale socialista anarchico marchigiano-umbro,” Ibid., 18 April 1891). A reference to this project, which came to nothing, can also be found in a letter from Malatesta to Merlino, dated 29 February 1891 (Bertolucci, 61).
45 P. C. Masini, “Malatesta vivo,” part 3, Volontà, no. 8 (1949), 429; Dell’Erba, 88–89. [Editor’s note: in the English-speaking world, Malatesta’s In Time of Elections is better known through a free adaptation entitled Vote What For?]
46 Luce Fabbri, Luigi Fabbri, storia d’un uomo libero (Pisa: BFS, 1996), 105.
