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transcriptomic level.
Before a detailed discussion of cellular structures and their functions (see Chapters 3–5), a short summary of the biochemical basics of cellular and molecular biology is given in Chapter 2.
Progress in cell biology and biotechnology largely depends on innovative methods, as new methods often open windows to look deeper into biology and to solve old questions. Table 1.3 summarizes some of the important tools, which are important for cell and molecular biology today.
Table 1.3 Important methodological tools of modern biology.
| Problem | Technique/instrument | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Structure elucidation of proteins | Protein isolation, column chromatography (gel filtration, ion exchange, affinity) | Chapter 7 |
| Gel electrophoresis | Chapter 7 | |
| Protein–protein interactions (FRET, two hybrid systems, FRAP) | Chapters 19 and 23 | |
| Crystallization | ||
| X‐ray diffraction | ||
| NMR | ||
| Cryoelectron microscopy | ||
| Mass spectrometry | Chapter 8 | |
| Protein sequencing | ||
| DNA | PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) | Chapter 13 |
| DNA/RNA isolation | Chapter 9 | |
| DNA hybridization | Chapter 11 | |
| Sanger sequencing | Chapter 14 | |
| Restriction enzymes | Chapter 12 | |
| Gel and capillary electrophoresis | Chapter 10 | |
| Next generation sequencing | Chapter 14 | |
| Microsatellite analysis | Chapter 11 | |
| SNP analysis | Chapters 14 and 21 | |
| FISH | Chapter 11 | |
| In situ hybridization | Chapter 11 | |
| RNA (transcriptomics) | RNA‐seq (NGS) | Chapters 14 and 21 |
| DNA microarrays | Chapter 11 | |
| In situ hybridization | Chapter 11 | |
| Cell and tissue culture | Cells with reporter genes | |
| Cell sorting | ||
| Organoid cultures | ||
| Stem cells | ||
| Cancer cells | ||
| Hybridoma cells for production of monoclonal antibodies | ||
| Cell cycle analysis | Chapter 18 | |
| Patch clamp recording | Chapter 17 | |
| Microscopy | Light microscope (bright field, dark field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast) |
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