General Principles of Radiation
28 25 Cephalometrics 25.1 The Cephalostat 25.2 Why Do We Take Cephalometrics? 25.3 When Do We Take a Cephalometric Radiograph? 25.4 Evaluating a Cephalometric Radiograph 25.5 Eastman Analysis 25.6 ANB Angle 25.7 Wits Analysis and Ballard Conversion 25.8 Vertical Skeletal Pattern 25.9 Angulation of the Incisors 25.10 Prognosis Tracing 25.11 A‐Pogonion Line (Apog) 25.12 Cephalometric Errors
29 26 Removable Appliances 26.1 Indications 26.2 Components 26.3 Active Components 26.4 Retentive Components 26.5 Anchorage 26.6 Baseplate 26.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Removable Appliances 26.8 Stages of Removable Appliances 26.9 Instruments Used on a Removable Appliance 26.10 Fitting of a Removable Appliance
30 27 Functional Appliances 27.1 Timing of Treatment 27.2 Malocclusion Types 27.3 The End Point 27.4 Ten Key Points of Functional Appliances 27.5 Indications for Treatment 27.6 Mode of Action 27.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Functionals 27.8 Types of Functional Appliances 27.9 Designing a Functional Appliance 27.10 Appointments
31 28 Fixed Appliances 28.1 Definition 28.2 Indications for Fixed Appliances 28.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 28.4 Tooth Movement Achieved with Fixed Appliances 28.5 Mode of Action 28.6 Components of Fixed Appliances
32 29 Headgear 29.1 Definition 29.2 Extra‐Oral Anchorage 29.3 Extra‐Oral Traction 29.4 Biomechanics of Headgear 29.5 Types of Headgear 29.6 Components of Headgear 29.7 Headgear Injuries and Preventative Measures 29.8 Reverse Headgear 29.9 Assessment of Wear 29.10 Measuring Force
33 30 Instructions for all Appliances 30.1 Removable Appliances 30.2 Functional Appliances 30.3 Fixed Appliances 30.4 Cleaning Instructions for the Patient 30.5 Headgear 30.6 Retainers 30.7 Bonded Retainers
34 31 Uncommon Removable Appliances 31.1 Nudger Appliance 31.2 En Masse Appliance 31.3 ACCO Appliance 31.4 ELSAA
35 32 Anchorage 32.1 Intra‐oral Anchorage 32.2 Extra‐Oral Anchorage 32.3 What Does Anchorage Depend On? 32.4 Reinforcing Anchorage 32.5 Sources of Anchorage 32.6 Anchorage Loss
36 33 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) 33.1 Dental Health Component 33.2
