11Figure 11.1 Upper occlusal standard radiograph. Unerupted mesiodens lying be...Figure 11.2 Upper occlusal intra‐oral photograph. Mesioden erupting palatal ...Figure 11.3 Upper occlusal intra‐oral photograph showing supplemental tooth....Figure 11.4 Dental panoramic tomograph showing supplemental tooth in the low...Figure 11.5 Dental panoramic tomograph showing odontome present around the l...6 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Digital panoramic tomograph showing impacted upper right canine....Figure 12.2 Upper standard occlusal radiograph of impacted upper right canin...Figure 12.3 Upper occlusal intra‐oral radiograph: open exposure.Figure 12.4 Upper occlusal intra‐oral radiograph: closed exposure.
7 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Normal overbite.Figure 14.2 Increased overbite.Figure 14.3 Decreased overbite.Figure 14.4 Incomplete overbite.Figure 14.5 Incomplete overbite.Figure 14.6 Complete overbite.Figure 14.7 Complete overbite.
8 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Mild anterior openbite.Figure 15.2 Moderate anterior openbite.Figure 15.3 Severe anterior openbite.Figure 15.4 Posterior openbite.
9 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Posterior crossbite on UL7, UL6, and UL5, with buccal crossbite ...Figure 16.2 Anterior crossbite on UL1, UL2, and UR2, with poor oral hygiene....Figure 16.3 Lingual crossbite (scissorbite) present on UR4.Figure 16.4 Fixed digit dissuader. Quadhelix incorporated with digit deterre...Figure 16.5 Removable digit dissuader.Figure 16.6 Quadhelix.Figure 16.7 Rapid maxillary expansion.
10 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Centric view of an upper midline shift.
11 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Increased overjet on pre‐treatment study model.Figure 18.2 Right buccal intra‐oral photograph of an increased overjet.
12 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Cephalometric radiograph. Bimaxillary proclination of upper and ...
13 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Forward growth rotation.Figure 20.2 Backward growth rotation.
14 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Centre of resistance on single‐ and multi‐rooted teeth.Figure 21.2 Force moment at one point of force. A central view of aesthetic ...Figure 21.3 Force couple. Aesthetic ice brackets showing full engagement of ...Figure 21.4 Force couple and moment. Bodily movement being achieved on a low...Figure 21.5 Tipping movement being achieved.Figure 21.6 Bodily movement being achieved.Figure 21.7 Torque being achieved.Figure 21.8 Rotational movement (of UL3) being achieved.Figure 21.9 Extrusion movement (of UL3) being achieved.Figure 21.10 Intrusion movement (of UR1) being achieved, with the bracket po...Figure 21.11 Pressure/tension theory.Figure 21.12 Different levels of force on a tooth.Figure 21.13 Area of compression and tension for bodily movement. Bodily mov...Figure 21.14 Area of compression and tension for tipping movement. Resorbing...Figure 21.15 Area of compression and tension for extrusion movement. Bone re...Figure 21.16 Area of compression for intrusion movement. Bone resorption occ...Figure 21.17 Area of compression and tension for rotational movement. Bone r...Figure 21.18 Area of compression and tension for torque movement. Bone resor...
15 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Alginate mixing.Figure 22.2 Upper impression.Figure 22.3 Lower impression.
16 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Centric, right buccal, and left buccal views of study models.Figure 23.2 Upper and lower occlusal views of study models.
17 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Where the landmark points are identified. For abbreviations see ...Figure 25.2 Where the incisor apex and crown tip points are placed (in blue)...Figure 25.3 Cephalometric radiograph showing the cephalometric planes and li...Figure 25.4 Wits analysis.Figure 25.5 Ballard conversion. The incisors are traced and superimposed on ...Figure 25.6 Prognosis tracing. This shows that bodily movement is not advisa...
18 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Upper removable appliance with palatal finger springs.Figure 26.2 Buccal canine retractor.Figure 26.3 Upper removable appliance with Z spring.Figure 26.4 Upper removable appliance with T spring.Figure 26.5 Coffin spring.Figure 26.6 Upper removable appliance with anterior expansion screw.Figure 26.7 Upper removable appliance with midline expansion screw.Figure 26.8 Upper removable appliance with 3D expansion screw.Figure 26.9 Active labial bow on study model.Figure 26.10 Right buccal view of Roberts retractor.Figure 26.11 Centre view of Roberts retractor.Figure 26.12 Three different pulls of headgear: (a) high pull; (b) cervical ...Figure 26.13 Adams clasp.Figure 26.14 Adams clasp.Figure 26.15 Southend clasp.Figure 26.16 Upper removable appliance with C clasp over UR3 and pontic in p...Figure 26.17 Ball‐ended clasps over lower anterior teeth used for anterior r...Figure 26.18 Retentive labial bow on study model.Figure 26.19 Upper removable appliance with labial bow and Adams clasps.Figure 26.20 Upper removable appliance with flat anterior bite plane.Figure 26.21 Lower removable appliance with posterior bite planes.
19 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Clark’s twin block in full interdigitation.Figure 27.2 Clark’s twin block not in full interdigitation.Figure 27.3 Clark’s twin block with acrylic coverage on lower incisors. Acry...Figure 27.4 Herbst appliance.Figure 27.5 Medium opening activator appliance.Figure 27.6 Occlusal (upside‐down) view of a medium opening activator.Figure 27.7 Bionator appliance.Figure 27.8 Frankel appliance.Figure 27.9 Clip‐on fixed functional appliance.
20 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Different bracket slot sizes. ss, stainless steel.Figure 28.2 Mesh base on the back of a Damon Mx bracket.Figure 28.3 MBT bracket prescription values.Figure 28.4 Different archforms used in fixed appliances.Figure 28.5 Round archwire.Figure 28.6 Rectangular archwire.Figure 28.7 Square archwire.Figure 28.8 How the diameter (size) of the wire is measured: round archwire....Figure 28.9 How the diameter (size) of the wire is measured: square and rect...Figure 28.10 Lower occlusal view after bonding of lower fixed appliance.Figure 28.11 Stainless‐steel archwires.Figure 28.12 Damon copper nickel titanium rectangular archwire, 0.14 × 0.25 ...Figure 28.13 Reverse‐curve archwire.Figure 28.14 Beta titanium archwires.Figure 28.15 Short and long metal ligatures.Figure 28.16 Coil spring and Kobayashi hooks. NiTi, nickel titanium; SS, sta...Figure 28.17 Crimpable hooks and stops.Figure 28.18 Buttons and eyelets.Figure 28.19 Drop‐in hooks used for Damon and gold chain.Figure 28.20 Nickel titanium (NiTi) retraction spring and metal separator.Figure 28.21 Temporary anchorage devices (TADs).Figure 28.22 Elastomeric modules.Figure 28.23 Intermaxillary elastics: elastic bands.Figure 28.24 Intermaxillary elastics: class III and triangle elastics.Figure 28.25 Intermaxillary elastics: class III triangle, V, and zigzag elas...Figure 28.26 Intermaxillary elastics: box and midline elastics.Figure 28.27 Intermaxillary elastics: crossbite elastics.Figure 28.28 Intermaxillary elastics: Shudy elastics. AP, anterio‐posterior....Figure 28.29 Intra‐oral elastics.Figure 28.30 Separating modules and rotation wedges.Figure 28.31 Power chain and power thread.Figure 28.32 Burnham lig and bumper sleeve.
21 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Cervical low pull headgear.Figure 29.2 Combi straight pull headgear.Figure 29.3 High pull headgear.Figure 29.4 Soldered tubes on Adams clasp.Figure 29.5 Head and neck strap.Figure 29.6 Masal strap.Figure 29.7 Snap‐away modules.Figure 29.8 Locking intra‐oral facebow.Figure 29.9 Big correx gauge.Figure 29.10 Small correx gauge.
22 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Lower occlusal showing simple anchorage. Undertie on L6‐6 (ancho...Figure 32.2 Right buccal showing compound anchorage.Figure 32.3 Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) and ankylosed lower left deci...Figure 32.4 Different types of reciprocal anchorage. TPA, transpalatal arch....Figure 32.5 Transpalatal arch.Figure 32.6 Transpalatal arch with Nance button.Figure 32.7 Lingual arch.
23 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need: ...
24 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Example of a PAR scoring sheet on DOIT software.Figure 34.2 PAR ruler.
25 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Assessing dental crowding.Figure 35.2 Space required to level the curve of Spee.
26 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Different types of cleft lip and palate.
27 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Maxillary segmental procedure.Figure 37.2 Le Fort I, II, and III.Figure 37.3 Surgical assisted rapid palatal expansion
