Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. Lynne Shore Garcia
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Documentation
The Shipper’s Declaration for Dangerous Goods is a legal document that serves as a contract between the shipper and carrier; it must be accurate and legible and have no spelling errors. However, if minor discrepancies in typing or punctuation are present, they are no longer considered errors if they do not compromise safety. The document must be either handwritten by one person or typed. Two copies of the Shipper’s Declaration must be completed and signed for each shipment. One copy is retained by the shipper, and the other is forwarded with the package; one copy can be a carbon copy. This document is required for shipping infectious substances and toxic substances; it is not required for shipping diagnostic specimens or biological products. If there are no dangerous goods in a shipment with dry ice, the Shipper’s Declaration is not required. It is important for personnel within the laboratory to thoroughly understand these regulations and to have sample copies of appropriate documentation for referral. A checklist used by carriers to decide to accept or reject a package is widely used; a copy of this document should also be on file within the laboratory.
The current editions of the Code of Federal Regulations can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Inquiries about Postal Service publications may be directed to U.S. Postal Service, 475 L’Enfant Plaza, Washington, DC 20260-5365. Dangerous Goods Regulations can be obtained from Publications Assistant, International Air Transport Association, 2000 Peel Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2R4.
References
1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2005. Procedures for the Recovery and Identification of Parasites from the Intestinal Tract. Approved guideline M28–2A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Villanova, PA.
2. Garcia LS. 2009. Practical Guide to Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
3. McVicar JW, Suen J. 1994. Packaging and shipping biological materials, p. 239–246. In Fleming DO, Richardson JH, Tulis JJ, Vesley D (ed), Laboratory Safety: Principles and Practices, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
4. Code of Federal Regulations. 1991. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Fed Regist, 29CFR1910.1030.
5. Sapero JJ, Lawless DK. 1942. The MIF stain-preservation technique for the identification of intestinal protozoa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2:613–619. PMID 13065626
6. Garcia LS, Voge M. 1980. Diagnostic clinical parasitology. I. Proper specimen collection and processing. Am J Med Technol 46:459–467. PMID 6155783
7. Cartwright CP. 1999. Utility of multiple-stool-specimen ova and parasite examinations in a high-prevalence setting. J Clin Microbiol 37:2408–2411. PMID 10405376
8. Chan RJ, Chen J, York MK, Setijono N, Kaplan RL, Graham F, Tanowitz HB. 2000. Evaluation of a combination rapid immunoassay for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium antigens. J Clin Microbiol 38:393–394. PMID 10618122
9. Church D, Miller K, Lichtenfeld A, Semeniuk H, Kirkham B, Laupland K, Elsayed S. 2005. Screening for Giardia/Cryptosporidium infections using an enzyme immunoassay in a centralized regional microbiology laboratory. Arch Pathol Lab Med 129:754–759. PMID 15913423
10. Garcia LS, Shimizu RY. 1997. Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 35:1526–1529. PMID 9163474
11. Garcia LS, Shimizu RY. 1998. Evaluation of intestinal protozoan morphology in human fecal specimens preserved in EcoFix: comparison of Wheatley’s Trichrome stain and EcoStain. J Clin Microbiol 36:1974–1976. PMID 9650947
12. Garcia LS, Shimizu RY. 1999. Detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the ColorPAC combination rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatographic assay. J Clin Microbiol 38:1267–1268. PMID 10699038
13. Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Bernard CN. 2000. Detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/E dispar, and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the EIA triage parasite panel enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 38:3337–3340. PMID 10970380
14. Haque R, Ali IKM, Akther S, Petri WA. 1998. Comparison of PCR, isoenzyme analysis, and antigen detection for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection. J Clin Microbiol 36:449–452. PMID 9466756
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18. Melvin DM, Brooke MM. 1982. Laboratory Procedures for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 3rd ed. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare publication (CDC) 82–8282. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
19. Sawitz WG, Faust EC. 1942. The probability of detecting intestinal protozoa by successive stool examinations. Am J Trop Med 22:131–136.
20. Scholten TH, Yang J. 1974. Evaluation of unpreserved and preserved stools for the detection and identification of intestinal parasites. Am J Clin Pathol 62:563–567. PMID 4413322
21. Yang J, Scholten T. 1977. A fixative for intestinal parasites permitting the use of concentration and permanent staining procedures. Am J Clin Pathol 67:300–304. PMID 65913
22. Zimmerman SK, Needham CA. 1995. Comparison of conventional stool concentration and preserved-smear methods with Merifluor Cryptosporidium/Giardia direct immunofluorescence assay and ProSpecT Giardia EZ microplate assay for detection of Giardia lamblia. J Clin Microbiol 33:1942–1943. PMID 7665678
23. Hiatt RA, Markell EK, Ng E. 1995. How many stool examinations are necessary to detect pathogenic intestinal protozoa? Am J Trop Med Hyg 53:36–39. PMID 7625530
24. Jones JL, Lopez A, Washquist SP, Nadle J, Wilson M, the Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group. 2004. Survey of clinical laboratory practices for parasitic diseases. Clin Infect Dis 38:S198–S202. PMID 15095190
25. Garcia LS, Smith JW, Fritsche TR. 2003. Cumitech 30A, Selection and use of laboratory procedures for diagnosis of parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Coordinating ed, Garcia LS. ASM