Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Bharat Singh
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The several types of compounds, viz aegeline, skimmianine (Riyanto et al. 2001), γ-sitosterol, aegeline, lupeol, rutin, marmesinin, β-sitosterol, flavone, glycoside, O-isopentenyl halfordinol, marmeline and phenylethyl cinnamamides (Guhabakshi et al. 1999), O-(3,3-dimethylallyl)halfordinol, N-2-ethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethylcinnamamide, N-2-methoxy-2-[4-(3′,3′-dimethylallyloxy)phenyl] ethylcinnamamide, N-2-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethylcinnamamide and marmeline (Manandhar et al. 1978), N-2-[4-(3′,3′-dimethylallyloxy)phenyl] ethylcinnamide, marmeline, N-4-methoxystyryl cinnamide and N-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethylcinnamide, aegeline (Govindachari and Premila 1983), anhydromarmeline, aegelinosides A and B (Phuwapraisirisan et al. 2008), halfordino, ethylcinnamamide and marmeline (Yadav and Chanotia 2009), α-phellandrene, p-cymene, limonene (Yadav and Chanotia 2009), psoralen, xanthotoxin, o-methylscopoletin, scopoletin, tembamide, skimmin (Shoeb et al. 1973), marmesin (Chatterjee and Mitra 1949; Chatterjee and Roy 1959), marmelosin, psoralen, bergapten (Shinde and Laddha 2015), aegeline, umbelliferone, 8-hydroxypsoralen, and angelicin were isolated and identified from the leaf, fruit, root, heartwood, and bark of A. marmelos (Avula et al. 2016). Besides these reported compounds, other compounds such as marmelosin (Nadkarni 1986), marmesinine, alloimperatorin, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside and rutin (Sharma et al. 1980), marmenol, a new 7-geranyloxycoumarin [7-(2,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-7-methyl-3-octaenyloxy) coumarin] praealtin D, trans-cinnamic acid, valencic acid, 4-methoxy benzoic acid, betulinic acid, N-p-cis- and trans-coumaroyltyramine, montanine, rutaretin (Ali and Pervez 2004), uronic acid and L-rhamnose (Basak et al. 1982), palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid (Farooq 2005), marmin, imperatorin and skimmianine (Gajbhiye et al. 2016), 1-decanyl godoleate, behenyl oleate, isophytyl salicylate, lacceroic acid (Sultana et al. 2018), marmelosin, luvangetin, auraptene, marmelide, fagarine, marmine from bark, aegeline, lupeol, cineol, cuminaldeyde, eugenol, marmesinine, citronella (Dutta et al. 2014), and rutaretin (Maity et al. 2009), furanocoumarin, 3′-prenyloxypsoralen imperatorin and xanthotoxin (Radchatawedchakoon et al. 2015), marminal and 7′-O-methylmarm, β-sitosteryl pentadecanoate, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone, 4-sitosten-3-one, lupeol, imperatorin, xanthotoxin, dictamnine, (+)-epoxyaurapten, γ-fagarine, scoparone, umbelliferone, scopoletin, decursinol, marmesin, marmin and integriquinolone (Yang et al. 1996), umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside (Kumar et al. 2013), marmelosin were separated and identified from metanolic and ethanolic extracts of fruits, bark, stem, and leaves of A. marmelos (Shinde et al. 2014). Aegeline-A and aegeline-B, aegeline and ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid, decursinol, and haplopine were isolated from chloroform extract of A. marmelos (Mohammed et al. 2016).
2.5.2 Culture Conditions
The cell culture studies of A. marmelos were established on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) culture medium with supplementation of BAP + 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and IAA, NAA, etc., for estimation of flavonoids. The maximum accumulation of flavonoids was reported in the callus fed with IAA, NAA, and NaCl and KCl (Islam et al. 1995; Soni and Goswami 2013). The organ differentiation with BAP in MS medium, the changes in accumulation of fatty acid, phospholipids, and glycolipid were reported. The maximum number shoots and weight were obtained after eight weeks of culture on MS medium supplemented with BAP (Hazarika et al. 1996). Similarly, the genetic transformation is a useful strategy in enhancing the quantity of marmelosin like bioactive compounds in A. marmelos (Pati and Muthukumar 2013).
References
1 Agrawal, S.S., Kumar, A., Gullaiya, S. et al. (2012). Antifertility activity of methanolic bark extract of Aegle